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42 The states of the Old South together with Texas, California, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Arizona, Chafe,The Unfinished Journey, 383.43 Bogle, Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks, 232, 268.44 Gerstle, American Crucible, 357-65.45 Yasuhiro Katagiri, 'Blurring the Color-Line?: Reflections on Interracial and Multiracial America' in 49thParallel -An Interdisciplinary Journal of North American Studies, 2000/1. Available from:http//artsweb.bham.ac.uk/49thparallel/backissues/issue6/KATAGIRI.HTM (accessed 11 July, 2003).46Remark made by 'Colonel' Cooney - in Journey to Shiloh.Edward D. C. Campbell, Jr., The Celluloid South (Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press,1981), 179.48 William Styron's The Confessions of Nat Turner about the slave revolt in 1831 had been published in1966.49 The Quadroon (1971), The Skin Game (1971), Drum ( 1976) and Mandingo ( 1975).50 Edward D. C. Campbell, Jr., ' "Burn Mandingo, Burn": The Plantation film in the South, 1958-1978' inWarren French, (ed.), The South and Film (Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi, 1981), 107-16.51 J.T. Kirby, Media-Made Dixie (Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, revised 1986, first published1978), 130; Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The 'Objectivity Question' and the American HistoricalProfession (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, first published 1988), 486-7. Other books thatexplored slave society at this time were: George Rawick, From"Sundown to Sunup" (1972); Robert Fogeland Stanley Engerman, "Time on the Cross" (1974); Eugene D. Genovese, "Roll, Jordan, Roll" (1974);Herbert Gutman, The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750-1925 (1976); Donald Levine, BlackCulture and Black Consciousness ( 1977).52 Paul Monaco, History of the American Cinema: The Sixties, 1960-69 (New York: Charles Scribner, 2001),262. By 1961 forty-eight million homes had television. James L. Baughman, The Weakest Chain and theStrongest Link: The American Broadcasting Company and the Motion Picture Industry, 1952-60,' in TinoBalio, (ed.), Hollvwood in the Age of Television (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Unwin, Hyman, 1990), 110.53 This is an entirely fictional story as Quantrill was mortally wounded in Louisville, Kentucky on 30lh May1865.54 Santa Fe Trail ( 1940), and Seven Angry Men ( 1955).55 Faubus had promised not to create any further difficulties but he then withdrew the National Guard fromthe high school and left the capital. When the African American children came to register, they were met by ashrieking crowd and no protection was given to the children. Chafe, The Unfinished Journey, 158.56 There is additional irony here as the first part of Cooney - 'coon' - is offensive slang for a Negro.57 Lincoln had allowed Confederates to join the Union army to help patrol the west.58 In films such as Invitation to a Gunfighter, Mosby's Marauders (1966) Gunfight in Abilene, Fastest GuitarAlive (1967), Arizona Bushwhackers and Rio Lobo.59 Adapted from the 1966 novel by Thomas Cullinan.60 Newsweek, 19 April, 1971.61 Riches, The Civil Rights Movement, 102; Isserman and Kazin, America Divided, 272.142
62 Johnson called what happened there, 'Aggression - deliberate, wilful and systematic.' Lyndon B. Johnson,My Hope for America (London: William Heinemann, 1964), 58. We now know that the' incident' wasprovoked by the U.S. activity in the area close to the coastline of North Vietnam and hardly anythinghappened - if at all.63 The first rally organised by the Students for a Democratic Society in Washington in April 1965 attracted20,000 demonstrators, Chafe, The Unfinished Journey, 324. The figure is 25,000 in Bloom and Breins, (eds.),"Takin it to the Streets," 203.John H. Lenihan, Showdown: Confronting Modern America in the Western Film (Chicago: University ofIllinois Press, 1985), 47.65 Michael Coyne, The Crowded Prairie: American National Identity in the Hollywood Western (London: I.B.Tauris, 1997), 127-131.66 Chafe, The Unfinished Journey, 274-5.67 Thieu came to power through a military coup.68 Lincoln Kaye, Release, 1968 in Journey to Shiloh (PCA file at Margaret Herrick Library, Los Angeles.)69 41% from a population of 11%. James Maycock, 'War within war', The Guardian, 15 September 2001.70 Martin Luther King Jr.'s speech quoted in Bloom and Breins, (eds.), "Takin' it to the Streets," 230-35.71 In Oakland, over half of those conscripted did not turn up and 11 % of those who did refused to serve. Inthe army by 1970, nearly 70,000 soldiers had fled their duties. Chafe, The Unfinished Journey, 404-5.72 Riches, The Civil Rights Movement, 90.73 Variety, 11 August, 1971; New York Times, 24 February, 1972; Wall Street Journal 10 March, 1972.74 New York Times, 19 November, 1972.75 Films and Filming, September, 1973.76 Edwin Miller, Close-up, 17 December, 1972.77 New York Times, 19 November 1972; Lenihan, Showdown, 163.78 Time, 23 October, 1972.79 Sklar, Movie-made America, 335.80 Alexander v. Holmes County (1969) - all school districts to abandon segregated school systems at once;Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg (1971) - bussing was a speedy and effective method for integration; Keyesv. Denver School District 1 (1973) - implementation of city-wide bussing.81 Isserman and Kazin, America Divided, 176, 273-482 Chafe, The Unfinished Journey, 383.83 1970 was the last year of mass demonstrations against the war. Six students were killed at Kent StateUniversity and Jackson State College. Chafe, The Unfinished Journey, 406-8; Isserman and Kazin, AmericaDivided, 270.84 Quoted in Leonard Quart and Albert Auster, American Film and Society Since 1945 (Westport,Connecticut: Praeger, 3 rd Edition, 2002, first published 1984), 99.143
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Greenwich Academic Literature Archi
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REEL WARS: COLD WAR, CIVIL RIGHTSAN
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ABSTRACTThis study is an examinatio
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ABBREVIATIONSAMPASAHRBirthCommissio
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Historians using film as a resource
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dominated America's foreign policy
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Mary L. Dudziak explores this relat
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pure and simple' and were therefore
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historical texts. Hayden White comp
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Historians, history films and film
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How have sympathetic film historian
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Therefore historians can, with over
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identity and these were taken as th
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21 George F. Custen, 'Hollywood and
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63 Rosenstone, The Historical Film,
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of Honor dedicated to, and listing,
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War.....[it] defined us as to what
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The Civil War and popular cultureJu
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memory,53 the place where Union and
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Despite being a new medium Hollywoo
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From the late 1940s Hollywood was u
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1 William Faulkner, Requiem for a N
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36 Blight, Race and Reunion, 77, 81
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mainly composed of members of the w
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there was cowardice, it was either
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This was another Lost Cause myth -
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stuff with plenty of clothes, rich
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women into or within slavery. 47 Th
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departure when, in the discussion o
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1 William Dean Howells, Los Angeles
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37 Melvyn Stokes, The Civil War in
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All races and religions, that's Ame
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Hollywood almost abandoned Civil Wa
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charged with disloyalty and silence
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ecover from the HUAC investigations
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a living. The daughters grow up to
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Gettysburg. 'You know,' says Henry,
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combining two great myths, which co
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(1948), Tom Dunson's style of autoc
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Patriotism became a white attribute
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In the absence of African Americans
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(Horizons West) and businessmen (An
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year later, and there was no lead f
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20 Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War, Civil
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56 Richard White, 'Western History'
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7 have seen the promised land.' 'Th
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those between whites and African Am
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change, to forget what made him, he
Page 99 and 100: eported that the film had 'already
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Page 125 and 126: Sexploitation - which reversed the
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Page 165 and 166: 39 Robert Brent Toplin, Reel Histor
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Page 171 and 172: the Library of Congress and the Uni
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Page 197 and 198: Searchers, TheShowdown at AbileneTh
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Cassidy, John M., Civil War Cinema:
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Foner, Eric, Who Owns History, (New
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Landy, Marcia, (ed.), The Historica
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Prince, Stephen, A New Pot of Gold:
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Sternsher, Bernard, Consensus, Conf
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