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there was cowardice, it was either dealt with by the family, or the coward was redeemed.Compassion could be shown to enemies, as they were all Americans. Honour, integrity,patriotism, duty, coping with adversity - all had a place.The rise of the Civil War film followed the rise of American patriotism, imperialism andnational identity. In 1897 the American Flag Association was founded and soon the Starsand Stripes was flying on public buildings and in school classrooms. The Spanish-American War brought the country together for the first time since the Civil War andaccelerated the movement towards reconciliation that had been developing - especiallybetween the veterans of North and South. This combination of patriotism, reconciliationand identity reached its apotheosis with the semi-centennial celebrations when theSouthern President, Woodrow Wilson, declared that 'we have found one another again asbrothers and comrades.....our battles long past, the quarrel forgotten.' 5 The 'brothers andcomrades' here were white brothers and white comrades. The African American veteranswere excluded in the same way as they had been excluded from the victory celebrations in1865. The nation was conceived and defined in solely white terms. As Gary Gerstle argues,there were 'two powerful and contradictory ideals.....that decisively shaped the history ofthe American nation in the twentieth century - civic nationalism and racial nationalism.'At the beginning of the twentieth century it was racial nationalism that was far morepowerful. 6This racial nationalism was supported by the development of Social Darwinism and theemerging 'scientific' theories of race, which graded races not only by colour but also bylocation. Even European immigrants were graded. 7 Race mixing through miscegenationwas seen as race suicide. 'Indiscriminate mixing,' Theodore Roosevelt said,' wouldinevitably lower a race's intelligence, morals and courage.' 8 This was directed not onlyagainst African Americans but towards all non-white races.9 Most northern historiansaccepted the 'scientific' explanation of race that indicated that African Americans wereinferior. 10 They also accepted the conclusions of James Ford Rhodes that while slaverywas the sole cause of the war it was also due to circumstances outside human control, andReconstruction had been a colossal mistake. 11 The Southern apologists who had created themyth of the Lost Cause were rewarded, for by the early 1900s their view had come todominate all forms of popular culture.43