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Edward Tabor Linenthal, Sacred Ground: Americans and their Battlefields (Chicago: University of IllinoisPress, 1991).54 Linenthal, Sacred Ground, 90, 104-8, 119 (note 6).55 Blight, Race and Reunion, 385.56 Linenthal, Sacred Ground, 102.57 The film is based on the formation, and the military engagement at Fort Wagner, of the 54Ih MassachusettsColored Infantry led by Robert Gould Shaw. The only Civil War memorial to African American troops,before 1998 was included in the Shaw Memorial erected in Boston on 31 sl May 1897.CC)George Lipsitz, Time Passages: Collective Memory and American Popular Culture (Minneapolis:University of Minneapolis Press, 1990), 36.59 Linenthal, Sacred Ground, 97. The first round table was established in Chicago in 1940 and there are nowabout 200. Jim Cullen, The Civil War in Popular Culture, 180.60 Cullen, The Civil War in Popular Culture, 173-98.61 Tara McPherson, 'Both Kind of Arms: Remembering the Civil War,' The Velvet Light Trap, 35 (1995), 3-4.62 Robert Burgoyne, Film Nation: Hollywood Looks at US History (Minneapolis: University of MinnesotaPress, 1997), 1.63 Goldfield, Still Fighting the Civil War, 307-9.64 Magazines such as Civil War Times, Civil War News, Blue and Gray and America's Civil War.65 Available from: http://scv.org/about/whatis.asp (accessed on 16 June 2004).66 There were no film production companies in the South until the winter of 1908-9 when Kalem went toJacksonville in Florida and very few exchanges - companies that organised the distribution of films. DavidRobinson, From Peep-Show to Palace: The Birth of the American Film (New York: Columbia UniversityPress, 1996), 115.67 Blight, Race and Reunion, 385.68 Eileen Bowser, The Transformation of Cinema, 1907-15 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994),35.69 Bowser, The Transformation of Cinema, 8-18.70 The New York Board of Motion Picture Censorship - soon renamed the National Board of Motion PictureReview - was funded by the film industry. Robert Sklar, Movie-made America: A Cultural History ofAmerican Movies, Revised and Updated (New York: Vintage Books, 1994, first published 1975), 30-32.71 Lary May, Screening Out the Past: the Birth of Mass culture and the Motion Picture Industry (Chicago:The University of Chicago Press, 1983), 52-5; Sklar, Movie-made America, 30-2; Charles Musser, TheEmergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 432,488; Bowser, The Transformation of Cinema, 18.72 Musser, The Emergence of Cinema, 446.73 Bowser, The Transformation of Cinema, 167.74 Bowser, The Transformation of Cinema, 54. During the last three decades there has been considerablediscussion about the composition of the early cinema audience. Up to the 1970s it was accepted that it was40