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Colorado (1948) who has to fight his former Union friend and commanding officer inorder to defend the civil rights of the towns-people. Henry Bohun in The Romance of RosyRidge brings reconciliation to the community and marries the daughter of the 'fiery rebel'goGill McBean.Union soldiers are portrayed sympathetically (Kansas Raiders and CopperCanyon) while the federal government is featured positively in The Fabulous Texan and inThe Man from Colorado, and the Union army is central to the spy film Springfield Rifle.Just like the Civil War eighty years earlier, World War II started a process of change inrace relations: but this time the world was different. The war in Europe had been fought bya multi-ethnic army against a racist ideology. Hollywood assisted with films that gaveAfrican Americans comparatively prominent roles. The liberal agenda spawned by theNew Deal continued after the war and was only halted by the anti-communist hysteria ofthe Cold War. Ironically the highlighting of racial incidents in America by the SovietUnion and others helped to keep the issue of race on the agenda as it became a tool in theCold War. The stranglehold of anti-communism on Hollywood was finally relaxed when,in 1954, Senator Joseph McCarthy's attack on the army finally brought discredit onhimself, and the subsequent condemnation by the Senate ended his political career. WithMcCarthy's demise anti-communism lost a high profile driving force and the emotionaltemperature was reduced. However, the pressure of anti-communism was to be replaced bythe pressure from the Civil Rights Movement.The Civil Rights Movement continued to press for equality and full citizenship rights atevery opportunity and in all forums - from local protests to the United Nations - but wassqueezed, as were all other organisations, by the anti-communist witch hunts. However theturning point came in 1954 when the Supreme Court gave its judgement in the Brown case.'In the field of public education,' read the judgement, 'the doctrine of separate but equalhas no place.' 84 The importance of this to America's Cold War strategy can be seen in thefact that the judgement was broadcast within an hour by the Voice of America to EasternEurope as an 'issue settled by law under democratic processes rather than by mob rule ordictatorial fiat.' 85 However the white backlash of the ultra-segregationists calling for'massive resistance' took off within weeks with the establishment of White CitizensCouncils. The Supreme Court gave no deadline even when it issued its second judgement a78
year later, and there was no lead from the White House. Eisenhower expressed neither'approbation nor disapproval' of the judgement. 86 The lines in the South were being drawnagain.By the mid-1950s Hollywood was also changing. Joseph Breen, the conservative RomanCatholic who headed the Production Code Administration, retired in 1954. Backed by theRoman Catholic Legion of Decency, he had sought to maintain the strict Christian moralitythat had imbued the Production Code. He was replaced by the more flexible GeoffreyShurlock. Breen's departure came as Hollywood was reassessing its position withdeclining audiences, the challenge of television and the loss of its control over exhibition. 87It had succeeded in amending clauses in the Production Code on suicide (1951),miscegenation, liquor and profanity (1954) and in 1952 films were granted the protectionof the First Amendment guarantee of freedom of speech. 88 In 1955 it began itsrapprochement with television when it started to make programmes for the medium andsold the first batch of films to a television company. 89America in the mid-1950s was ready to explode. The Brown judgement had threatened theSouth's racial arrangements. Civil rights leaders were pressing for more change but, apartfrom the cautious NAACP, did not have effective political leadership to co-ordinate action.Southern racists, who killed the young African American, Emmett Till, were cleared of hismurder and the University of Alabama expelled Autherine Lucey, the first AfricanAmerican to be enrolled there. Hollywood now returned to the delicate issue of slaverywith the release of Seven Angry Men (1955), which retold John Brown's attempt to free theslaves in the late 1850s. While this again depicted him, as in The Santa Fe Trail, as afanatical revolutionary, this time the opposition was shown to be equally violent in theirsupport of slavery. With only six years to go before the centennial of the Civil War a newcivil war seemed just over the horizon. In December 1955 Rosa Parks refused to give upher seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, and the Civil Rights Movement, unknowinglyat the time, had found a cause and a leader in Martin Luther King, Jr.79
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Greenwich Academic Literature Archi
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REEL WARS: COLD WAR, CIVIL RIGHTSAN
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ABSTRACTThis study is an examinatio
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ABBREVIATIONSAMPASAHRBirthCommissio
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Historians using film as a resource
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dominated America's foreign policy
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Mary L. Dudziak explores this relat
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pure and simple' and were therefore
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historical texts. Hayden White comp
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Historians, history films and film
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How have sympathetic film historian
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Therefore historians can, with over
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identity and these were taken as th
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21 George F. Custen, 'Hollywood and
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63 Rosenstone, The Historical Film,
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of Honor dedicated to, and listing,
Page 35 and 36: War.....[it] defined us as to what
Page 37 and 38: The Civil War and popular cultureJu
Page 39 and 40: memory,53 the place where Union and
Page 41 and 42: Despite being a new medium Hollywoo
Page 43 and 44: From the late 1940s Hollywood was u
Page 45 and 46: 1 William Faulkner, Requiem for a N
Page 47 and 48: 36 Blight, Race and Reunion, 77, 81
Page 49 and 50: mainly composed of members of the w
Page 51 and 52: there was cowardice, it was either
Page 53 and 54: This was another Lost Cause myth -
Page 55 and 56: stuff with plenty of clothes, rich
Page 57 and 58: women into or within slavery. 47 Th
Page 59 and 60: departure when, in the discussion o
Page 61 and 62: 1 William Dean Howells, Los Angeles
Page 63 and 64: 37 Melvyn Stokes, The Civil War in
Page 65 and 66: All races and religions, that's Ame
Page 67 and 68: Hollywood almost abandoned Civil Wa
Page 69 and 70: charged with disloyalty and silence
Page 71 and 72: ecover from the HUAC investigations
Page 73 and 74: a living. The daughters grow up to
Page 75 and 76: Gettysburg. 'You know,' says Henry,
Page 77 and 78: combining two great myths, which co
Page 79 and 80: (1948), Tom Dunson's style of autoc
Page 81 and 82: Patriotism became a white attribute
Page 83 and 84: In the absence of African Americans
Page 85: (Horizons West) and businessmen (An
Page 89 and 90: 20 Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War, Civil
Page 91 and 92: 56 Richard White, 'Western History'
Page 93 and 94: 7 have seen the promised land.' 'Th
Page 95 and 96: those between whites and African Am
Page 97 and 98: change, to forget what made him, he
Page 99 and 100: eported that the film had 'already
Page 101 and 102: campaigning for Lincoln. John's rea
Page 103 and 104: lack/white relationships, in Civil
Page 105 and 106: McCarthy discredited and a more rel
Page 107 and 108: dispute which once divided our nati
Page 109 and 110: pressure, continued to hold. The me
Page 111 and 112: discrimination, attempts at univers
Page 113 and 114: talks about Lincoln pleading that '
Page 115 and 116: creativity. The Confederates use a
Page 117 and 118: police in Birmingham and Kennedy's
Page 119 and 120: 1 Martin Luther King Jr.'s, speech,
Page 121 and 122: 44 Blight, Race and Reunion, 8-11,
Page 123 and 124: - self-belief, reasons for fighting
Page 125 and 126: Sexploitation - which reversed the
Page 127 and 128: would surely recognise the Mexicans
Page 129 and 130: There are similar examples in Major
Page 131 and 132: on working class whites nor receive
Page 133 and 134: The conflict between civil rights a
Page 135 and 136: e trusted from the wiles of the mis
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field-hands are too valuable an inv
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moving the civil rights agenda to a
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McBurney, even though he is wounded
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Most reviewers were sympathetic, se
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conservatism,' as a natural ally fo
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By the early 1970s, Hollywood's opt
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20 Enoch, in Friendly Persuasion (1
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62 Johnson called what happened the
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The world is white no longer; and i
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proceed with civil rights legislati
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would have been counter to the poli
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mid-1990s was rejected as the compa
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those historians who were contestin
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1 James Baldwin, Stranger in the Vi
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39 Robert Brent Toplin, Reel Histor
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1210mmmto3sCT>The number of America
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There is a third problem - that of
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the Library of Congress and the Uni
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mainly contain copies of correspond
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killing. There were two other areas
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are 'no compensating moral values a
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epresented.' 32 However, this was t
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Reference has already been made to
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It is in the final period that anti
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22 Letter from Shurlock to William
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Year Director Company190819091910Ba
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191119121912Grant and LincolnHe Fou
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19131913Call to Arms, TheCarpenter,
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1915 Birth of a Nation, TheColonel
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19341935193619371938193919401941194
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Searchers, TheShowdown at AbileneTh
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Alien, Robert C., and Douglas Gomer
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Cassidy, John M., Civil War Cinema:
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Foner, Eric, Who Owns History, (New
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Landy, Marcia, (ed.), The Historica
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Prince, Stephen, A New Pot of Gold:
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Sternsher, Bernard, Consensus, Conf
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