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J. R. Goicoechea et al.: Low sulfur depletion in the Horsehead PDR, Online Material p 1Online Materialtel-00726959, version 1 - 31 Aug 2012
tel-00726959, version 1 - 31 Aug 2012J. R. Goicoechea et al.: Low sulfur depletion in the Horsehead PDR, Online Material p 2Appendix A: Nonlocal, non-LTE radiative transferRadiative transfer in a medium dominated by gas phasemolecules and dust grains requires the solution of the radiativetransport (RT) equation for the radiation field together with theequations governing the relative level populations of the consideredspecies. In the case of rotational line emission (far-IR to mmdomain), scattering from dust grains can be usually neglectedfrom the RT equation and steady state statistical equilibrium canbe assumed for molecular populations. However, physical conditionsin ISM clouds are such that molecular excitation is usuallyfar from LTE. Therefore, a minimum treatment of the nonlocalcoupling between line+continuum radiation and level populationsis required. In this appendix we describe in more detail thesimple model developed for this work.A.1. Monte Carlo methodology for gas and dust radiativetransfer in plane-parallel geometryThe Monte Carlo methodology or its modifications is a simpleand widely adopted approach when one has to deal with moderatelythick lines and flexibility to explore different geometries isrequired (see van Zadelhoff et al. 2002, and references therein).In this work, the classical description of the Monte Carlo approachfor non-LTE line transfer (Bernes 1979) has been extendedto include the dust emission/absorption and their effecton the source function. The code was originally developed in fortran90for spherical symmetry (Goicoechea 2003) and has beenenlarged to semi-infinite plane-parallel geometry (from face- toedge-on). Thus, numerical discretization is transformed fromspherical shells to slabs. The model includes illumination fromthe cosmic background at both surfaces.The variation of the radiation field intensity along any photonpath s is related to the emission and absorption properties of themedium (scattering neglected) throughdI νds = j ν − α ν I ν(A.1)where α ν [cm −1 ]and j ν [erg s −1 cm −3 Hz −1 sr −1 ]arethetotal(gas+dust) absorption and emissivity coefficients at a givenfrequency ν. The normal path to any plane-parallel slab is thusdz = µ ds, with µ = cos θ and where θ is the angle between zand s (see Fig. A.1). Equation (A.1) is thus written asµ dI νdτ = S ν − I ν(A.2)where the differential optical depth is given by gas and dust contributions,dτ = α ν dz,andS ν = j ν /α ν is referred to as the sourcefunction. Continuum emissivity from dust is assumed to be thermaland given byj dustν= α dustν B ν (T d ) (A.3)where B ν is the Planck function at a given dust temperature,T d ,andανdust is computed from any of the dust mass absorptioncross-sections available in the literature (e.g. Draine & Lee1984; Ossenkopf & Henning 1994). For practical purposes, thedust absorption coefficient is assumed to be constant in all thepassband around each line frequency. Hence, the number of dustcontinuum photons emitted per second in a given cell of materialis (4π/hc) jνdust V m ∆v where V m is the cell volume and ∆v theconsidered passband in velocity units. Although the inclusion ofdust almost does not affect molecular excitation in our work, itis included for consistency and for making predictions of higherfrequency lines where it has larger effects.cosmic backgroundsθscosmic backgroundFig. A.1. Plane-parallel geometry for a cloud isotropically illuminatedby the cosmic microwave background at both surfaces.Molecular lines occur at discrete frequencies, ν ij ,whereiand j refer to upper and lower energy levels with n i and n j[cm −3 ] populations respectively. Gas emission and absorptioncoefficients, as a function of velocity, are defined asj gasν= hc4π n i A ij φ ; ανgas = hc4π (n j B ji − n i B ij ) φz(A.4)where B ji , B ij ,andA ij are the transition probabilities, or Einsteincoefficients, for absorption, and for induced and spontaneousemission respectively. We have assumed the same line Dopplerprofile (in velocity units) for emission and absorptionφ = 1 (b √ π exp − u + u f · s) 2(A.5)band thus considered Gaussian Doppler microturbulent and thermalbroadening characterized by the broadening parameter b 2 =v 2 turb + v2 th . Note that any arbitrary velocity field u f can be included.Here we take the possibility of having a velocity fieldnormal to the slabs, i.e. u f = v f (z).Generally speaking, the relative level populations of a consideredmolecule m are determined by collisions with othermolecules, and/or by radiative effects caused by the cosmicbackground and/or by the dust continuum emission. The particularphysical conditions, type of molecule and spectral domainwill determine the dominant processes through the steady statestatistical equilibrium equations∑∑n i [R ij + C ij ] = n j [R ji + C ji ] ; n tot =jijirot∑levelsJ=1n J(A.6)where C ij and R ij [s −1 ] are the collisional and radiative transitionrates between i and j levels. For the collisional rates of species m(CS, C 34 S, C 18 OandHCS + ) we have consideredC ij = γij m (H 2) n(H 2 ) + γij m (He) n(He) + γm ij (H) n(H) (A.7)where γij m [cm 3 s −1 ] are the temperature dependent collisionalde-excitation rate coefficients of m with collisional partners H 2or He. If unknown, excitation rate coefficients are computedthrough detailed balance. For consistency with the PDR modelingwe have estimated the collisional rates with H atoms (simplyby scaling from the He rates), since H may be the dominantpartner in the diffuse regions. Radiative rates areR ij = A ij + B ij J¯ij ; R ji = B ji J¯ji(A.8)where J¯ij is the intensity of the radiation field integrated oversolid angles and over the line profile. External illumination bycosmic background, dust continuum emission and line photons
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Table des matières1 Rapport de sou
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Rapport après soutenanceHabilitati
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Chapitre 2Curriculum vitaetel-00726
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2.8 PARCOURS 131992-1993 ÉCOLE NOR
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Chapitre 3Copyright: IRAM/PdBIIntro
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