Bibliographical noteThis Report has drawn on a wide and their energy policy issues are Chapter 5. The evidence on edurangeof <strong>World</strong> <strong>Bank</strong> work, as well reviewed in Fallen-Bailey and cation and farmer productivity isas on external research. Selected Byer. In the area of international surveyed in Lockheed, Jamison andsources used in each chapter are trade, Keesing considers a wide Lau; that on the rates of return tobriefly annotated below, and then range of trade issues for develop- schooling in Psacharopoulos.listed alphabetically. The <strong>World</strong> ing countries; Balassa analyzes (Psacharopoulos, along with Berry<strong>Bank</strong> sources include sector policy trends in trade in manufactured and with Bowman, also discussespapers, ongoing economic analysis goods; Morawetz provides a the debate on methodologicaland research, and project, sector country case study of the effects issues in applying rate-of-returnand economic work on individual of developing-country policies on analysis.) The connections betweencountries. In addition, a set of growth in manufactured exports; education, poverty and income disbackgroundpapers is commis- Wolf analyzes the adjustment by tribution are further analyzed insioned for each Report; their pri- industrialized countries to imports Berry and in Fields. On practicalmary purpose is to synthesize the from developing countries; Sapir issues of educational reform, seerelevant literature and <strong>Bank</strong> work. and Lutz survey trends and issues Haddad and others; on cross-(Thus the sources cited in these relating to trade in nonfactor ser- country comparisons of educationalpapers are not listed separately.) vices; Kemper assesses the likely quality, see Inkeles. The evidenceMany of the background papers impact of the "Tokyo Round"; and on the effects of education onare issued as <strong>World</strong> <strong>Bank</strong> Staff Frank analyzes the "graduation" health and nutrition is surveyedWorking Papers, which are avail- issues in trade policy. On export in Cochrane, O'Hara and Leslie.able at no charge from the <strong>Bank</strong>'s credit finance, see Cizauskas. The Health problems and policies inPublications Unit. The views they method for deriving estimates of developing countries are reviewedexpress are not, however, neces- the number of people in absolute in Golladay and Liese and in Golsarilythose of the <strong>World</strong> <strong>Bank</strong> or poverty is presented in Ahluwalia, laday; nutrition issues in Berg andof this Report. Carter and Chenery. in Reutlinger; fertility and otherChapter 4. On absolute poverty population issues in Birdsall. ForSelected sources, by chapter and policies to overcome it, see a quantitative analysis of the de-Chenery and others, Sen, and terminants of fertility and its effectsChapters 2 and 3. The global model Ahluwalia, Carter and Chenery. on income growth, see Wheeler.used in the projections is described On urban poverty and rural-urban The connection between educationin Cheetham, Gupta and Schwartz. migration, see Nelson. The litera- and fertility is discussed in Cochrane,The data base for the global model ture on the contribution of human O'Hara and Leslie. Kanagaratnamand for country projections is con- resources to growth is surveyed in and Pierce examine trends intinually updated, by drawing on Bowman, and its main conclusions population policy and in the impublishedsources and other data are summarized in Schultz. The plementation of family planningcollected by the <strong>World</strong> <strong>Bank</strong>; some recent cross-country analyses re- programs.of these data are presented in the ferred to in the box on human Chapter 6. Factors affecting political<strong>World</strong> Development Indicators resources and growth (page 38) are support for and obstades to human(and in the <strong>World</strong> <strong>Bank</strong> Atlas, pub- presented in Wheeler and in Hicks. development programs are dislishedannually, as well as the <strong>World</strong> Parts of this chapter (and Chapter cussed in Uphoff. Sources ofTables, published occasionally). 5) also draw on the <strong>World</strong> <strong>Bank</strong>'s financing and means of reducingEnergy prospects of developing work on basic needs, which is costs for these programs are discountriesare reviewed in Hughart, summarized in Haq and Burki. cussed in Meerman. Esman and102
Montgomery survey administra- publication, Recognizing the "Invisible" Africa) and Pfeffermann (Latintive aspects of implementing the Woman in Development. America). For a wide-ranging disprograrrms.A range of factors that Chapter 7. This chapter draws cussion of development issues inresult in misperception of the heavily onthe <strong>World</strong> <strong>Bank</strong>'s country Sub-Saharan Africa, see Acharyaproblemrrs of poverty is considered economic work, as well as on many and Johnston. See Selowsky onin Chambers. Social and cultural of the sources listed for preceding antipoverty policies in Latinaspects of human development are chapters. In addition, various America, and Singh on assistingsurveyed in Rogers, Coletta and aspects of human development small farmers and the landless inMbindyo. And the role of the family, and its role in poverty reduction South Asia. Detailed country caseincluding the particular problems for different regions are discussed studies of human developmentfaced by women and young in Bussink (East Asia), Davies (Sub- issues include Knight (Brazil) andchildren, is considered in Safilios- Saharan Africa), Grawe (South Asia), Isenman (Sri Lanka).Rothschild and in the <strong>World</strong> <strong>Bank</strong>'s Kavalsky (Middle East and NorthSelected sources, by authorAcharya, Shankar, and Bruce Johnston. "Two Studies of Development in Sub-Saharan Africa." <strong>World</strong> <strong>Bank</strong> StaffWorking Paper, no. 300. October 1978.Ahluwalia, Montek, Nicholas Carter and Hollis Chenery. "Growth and Poverty in Developing Countries." Journal ofDevelopment Economics, 6:3 (September 1979), 299-341.Balassa, Bela. "The Changing International Division of Labor in Manufactured Goods." <strong>World</strong> <strong>Bank</strong> Staff WorkingPaper, no. 329. May 1979.Berg, Alan D. Nutrition. Poverty and Basic Needs Series. Washington, D.C.: <strong>World</strong> <strong>Bank</strong>, forthcoming.Berry, S. Albert. "Education, Income, Productivity and Urban Poverty." In King, ed.*Birdsall, Nancy. "Population and Poverty in the Developing <strong>World</strong>." <strong>World</strong> <strong>Bank</strong> Staff Working Paper, no. 404.July 1980.*Bowman., Mary Jean. "Education and Economic Growth: An Overview." In King, ed.*Bussink, Willem, and others. "Poverty and the Development of Human Resources: Regional Perspectives." <strong>World</strong><strong>Bank</strong> Staff Working Paper, no. 406. July 1980.*Bussink, Willem. "Reflections on Socioeconomic Development and Poverty in Southeast Asia." In Bussink and others.*Chambers, Robert. "Rural Poverty Unperceived: Problems and Remedies." <strong>World</strong> <strong>Bank</strong> Staff Working Paper, no. 400.July 1980.*Cheetham, R. J., S. Gupta and A. Schwartz. "The Global Framework." <strong>World</strong> <strong>Bank</strong> Staff Working Paper, no. 355.September 1979.Chenery, Hollis, Montek S. Ahluwalia, C. L. G. Bell, John H. Duloy and Richard Jolly. Redistribution with Growth. NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1974.Cizauskas, Albert C. "The Changing Nature of Export Credit Finance and Its Implications for Developing Countries."<strong>World</strong> <strong>Bank</strong> Staff Working Paper, no. 409. July 1980.*Cochrane, Susan H., Donald O'Hara and Joanne Leslie, "The Effects of Education on Health." <strong>World</strong> <strong>Bank</strong> StaffWorking Paper, no. 405. July 1980.*Davies, David. "Human Development in South Asia." In Bussink and others.*Esman, Milton, and John Montgomery. "The Administration of Human Development." In Knight, ed.*Fallen-Bailey, Darrel, and T. Byer. "Energy Options and Policy Issues in Developing Countries." <strong>World</strong> <strong>Bank</strong> StaffWorking Paper, no. 350. August 1979.Fields, Gary S. "Education and Income Distribution in Developing Countries: A Review of the Literature." In King, ed.*Frank, Isaiah. "The 'Graduation' Issue in Trade Policy toward LDCs." <strong>World</strong> <strong>Bank</strong> Staff Working Paper, no. 334.June 1979.Golladay, Fredrick. Health Sector Policy Paper. Washington, D.C.: <strong>World</strong> <strong>Bank</strong>, 1980.Golladay, Fredrick, and Bernhard Liese. "Health Problems and Conditions in the Developing Countries." <strong>World</strong> <strong>Bank</strong>Staff Working Paper, no. 412. August 1980.*Grawe, Roger. "Human Development in South Asia." In Bussink and others.*103
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t' 8 ~~~~ottoWorld Development Repo
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Oc 1980 by the International Bankfo
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ivThis report was prepared by a tea
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Text tables2.1 Summary of prospects
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DefinitionsCountry groups in the an
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in official aid and other capital a
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production and consumption; in- Tab
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measures can raise efficiency fairl
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adjustment; but the increases pro-
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dustrialized countries' GNP would T
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windfalls, some of their extra cont
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e done to increase the supplies Lat
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exchange-rate depreciation, by perc
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Table 3.2 World merchandise trade,
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* Inward-looking policies may exper
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inward-looking policies, with high
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cause individual banks or bank- Tab
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to GNP, of all large industrial na-
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in Chapter 2). Ways of increasing a
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4 Poverty, growth and human develop
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expectancy was less than 50 years,
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population density (see page 39). e
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ably could not have been achieved c
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Table 4.2 Irrigation and income, se
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ment strategies that assume that in
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average 40 percent drop out before
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this may be offset by shifts in the
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PercentageDaily calorie supplyPopul
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Percentage share of household incom
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Average index Tables 4 and 5. Growt
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28 (minerals, crude fertilizers and
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continues to grow after replacement
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posttax income and conceptually tic
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