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The country-group averages in not taken into account because countries. Exports are valued f.o.b.Table 5 are weighted by country reliable and comprehensive data (free on board), imports c.i.f. (cost,GDP in current dollars. are not available. insurance and freight). TheseThe country-group averages of values are in current dollars.Table 6. Industrialization growth rates of energy production The growth rates of merchandiseare weighted by volumes of coun- exports and imports are in real termsThe percentage distribution of value try production in 1974; those of and calculated from quantumadded among manufacturing in- growth rates of energy consumption, (volume) indices of exports anddustries was calculated from data by volumes of country consump- imports. For the majority of develobtainedfrom the UN Indus- tion in 1974; those of energy con- oping countries these indices aretrial Development Organization sumption per capita, by country from the UNCTAD Handbook of(UNIDO), with the base values population. International Trade and Developmentexpressed in 1970 dollars. Energy consumption per dollar of Statistics and supplementary dataThe classification of manufac- GDP refers to the ratio of total thatshow revisions. For industrialturingindustries is in accord with energy consumption to GDP in ized countries the indices are fromthe UN International Standard 1975 dollars. This indicator shows the UN Yearbook of InternationalIndustrial Classification of All the intensity of energy use in an Trade Statistics and UN MonthlyEconomic Activities (ISIC). Food economy. The country-group aver- Bulletin of Statistics.and agriculture comprise ISIC agesare weighted bycountryGDP The terms of trade, or the "netMajor Groups 311, 313 and 314; in 1975 dollars. barter terms of trade," are calcu-Textiles and clothing 321-24; Ma- Energy imports refer to the dollar lated as the ratio of a country'schinery and transport equipment 382-84; value of energy imports-Standard index of export unit values to thatand Chemicals 351 and 352. Other International Trade Classification of import unit values. The termsmanufacturingcomprises ISIC Major (SITC) Revised Section 3-and are of-trade index numbers shown forDivision 3, less all of the above. expressed as a percentage of earn- 1960 and 1978, with 1970 = 100,The figures for value added in ings from merchandise exports. thus indicate changes in exportmanufacturing are from the World The country-group averages are prices in relation to import prices.Bank's national accounts series in weighted by country merchandise The unit value indices are fromnational currencies, converted in- exports in current dollars. the same sources cited above forto 1970 dollars. Because data on energy imports the growth rates of exports andTo calculate gross manufacturing do not permit a distinction between imports.output per capita, ratios of gross petroleum imports for fuel and foroutput to value added in manu- use in the petrochemicals industry, Tables 9 and 10. Structure offacturing, derived from various these percentages may be over- Merchandise TradeissueS of the UN Yearbook of Indus- estimates of the dependence ontrial Statistics, were applied to the imported energy. The shares in these tables are derivedWorld Bank's data on value addedfrom trade values in current dollarsin manufacturing. Per capita Table 8. Growth of reported in UN trade tapes and thevalues were then calculated by us- Merchandise Trade UN Yearbookoflnternational Tradeing mid-year estimates of countryStatistics.population. The statistics on merchandise trade Merchandise exports and importsare from UN publications and the are defined in the technical notesTable 7. Energy UN trade data system, supplementedby statistics from the UN ConferforTable 8.In the categorization of exportsAll data on energy are from UN ence on Trade and Development in Table 9, fuels, minerals and metalssources. They refer to commercial (UNCTAD) and from Intemational are the commodities in SITCforms of primary energy: coal and Monetary Fund (IMF), Direction of Revised Section 3, Divisions 27lignite, petroleum, natural gas and Trade and International Financial and 28, and the nonferrous metalsnatural gas liquids, and hydro- Statistics. of Division 68. Other primaryelectricity and nuclear power-all Merchandise exports and imports commodities comprise SITC Secconvertedinto coal equivalents. cover, with some exceptions, all tions 0, 1, 2 and 4 (food and liveThe use of firewood and other intemational changes in ownership animals, beverages and tobacco,traditional fuels, though substantial of merchandise passing across the inedible crude materials, oils, fatsin some developing countries, is customs borders of the reporting and waxes) less Divisions 27 and160
28 (minerals, crude fertilizers and Gibraltar, Iceland and Luxembourg; Debt service is the sum of interestmetalliferous ores). Textiles and developing countries also include payments and repayments ofclothing represent SITC Divisions 65 Cuba, which in other tables is principal on external public andand 84 (textiles, yarns, fabrics and grouped with centrally planned publicly guaranteed debt. Debtclothing).Machinery and transport economies; capital-surplus oil exporters service data are from the Worldequipment are the commodities in also include Oman, Qatar and Bank Debt Reporting System. TheSITC Section 7. Other manufactares, United Arab Emirates. ratio of debt service to exportscalculated as the residual from the The country-group averages are of goods and services is one oftotal value of manufactured ex- weighted by country merchandise several rules of thumb commonlyports, represent SITC Sections 5 to exports in current dollars. used to assess the ability to ser-9 less Section 7 and Divisions 65, vice debt. The debt-service ratios68 and 84. Table 12. Trade in in the table do not cover unguar-In the categorization of imports Manufactured Goods anteed private debt, which for somein Table 10, food commodities arecountries is substantial; the debtthose in SITC Revised Sections 0, The data in this table are from contracted for purchases of military1 and 4 and in Division 22 (food the United Nations and are among equipment usually is not reported.and live animals, beverages and those used to compute Special The average ratios of debt servicetobacco, oils and fats). Fuels are the Table B in the UN Yearbook of to GNP for the country groups arecommociities in SITC Section 3. International Trade Statistics. Manu- weighted by country GNP in cur-Other primary commodities comprise factured goods are the commodities rent dollars. The average ratios ofSITC Section 2 (crude materials, in SITC Revised Sections 5 through debt service to exports of goodsless Division 22 (oilseeds and 9 (chemicals and related products, and services are weighted bynuts) plis Division 68 (nonferrous manufactured articles, machinery country exports of goods andmetals). Machinery and transport and transport equipment) exclud- services in current dollars.e,quipment are the commodities in ing Division 68 (nonferrous metals). The World Bank Debt Report-SITC Section 7. Other manufactures, The countrygroupsare the same ing System is concerned solelycalculated as the residual from the as those in Table 11. The country- with developing countries andtotal value of manufactured im- group averages are weighted by does not collect data on externalports, represent SITC Sections 5 country manufactured exports in debt for other groups of countries.to 9 less Section 7 and Division 68. current dollars. Nor are comparable data for thoseThe country-group averages in countries available from otherTable 9 are weighted by country Table 13. Balance of Payments sources.merchandise exports in current and Debt Service Ratiosdollars; those in Table 10, byTable 14. Flow of Externalcountry merchandise imports in The current account balance is the Capitalcurrent dollars.difference between (i) exports ofgoods and services plus inflows of Data on the gross inflozo and repay-Table 11. Destination of unrequited official and private ment of principal (amortization) ofMerchandise Exports transfers and (ii) imports of goodsand services plus unrequitedpublic and publicly guaranteedmedium- and long-term loans areMerchandise exports are defined transfers to the rest of the world. from the World Bank Debtin the technical notes for Table 8. Excluded from this figure are all Reporting System. The net inflowAll trade shares in this table are interest payments on external public is the gross inflow less the repaybasedon statistics on the value of and publicly guaranteed debt, which ment of principal.trade in current dollars in IMF, are shown separately. These in- Net direct private investment is theDirection of Trade. Unallocated terest payments represent those net amount invested or reinvestedexports are distributed among the on the disbursed portion of out- by nonresidents of the country incountry groups in proportion to standing public and publicly enterprises in which they or othertheir respective shares of allocable guaranteed debt plus commitment nonresidents exercise significanttrade. The country groups in this charges on undisbursed debt. The managerial control; these net figtablefollow those in the data current account estimates are ures also take into account thesource and differ somewhat from from IMF data files; estimates of value of direct investment abroadthose used elsewhere in the volume: interest payments are from the by residents. IMF data files wereindustrialized countries also include World Bank Debt Reporting System. used in compiling these estimates.161
Page 1:
t' 8 ~~~~ottoWorld Development Repo
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Oc 1980 by the International Bankfo
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ivThis report was prepared by a tea
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Text tables2.1 Summary of prospects
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DefinitionsCountry groups in the an
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illion people have barely enough fa
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in official aid and other capital a
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production and consumption; in- Tab
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measures can raise efficiency fairl
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adjustment; but the increases pro-
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dustrialized countries' GNP would T
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windfalls, some of their extra cont
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e done to increase the supplies Lat
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exchange-rate depreciation, by perc
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Table 3.2 World merchandise trade,
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* Inward-looking policies may exper
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inward-looking policies, with high
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cause individual banks or bank- Tab
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to GNP, of all large industrial na-
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in Chapter 2). Ways of increasing a
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4 Poverty, growth and human develop
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expectancy was less than 50 years,
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population density (see page 39). e
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ably could not have been achieved c
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ution of income typically is less T
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Table 4.2 Irrigation and income, se
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ment strategies that assume that in
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average 40 percent drop out before
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this may be offset by shifts in the
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UNESCO concluded that the poorUnemp
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A typical finding showed the mean o
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Table5.6 Differences in life tend t
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are more expensive and less critica
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per hos pital and clinic, and to st
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peaks in farm work and widespreadin
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confined to particular places. In A
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Indonesia, Colombia and Chilehave r
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(which respond only gradually to cu
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Contraceptive technologyresearch in
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6 Implementing human development pr
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probably China-have managed Table 6
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percent of the development bud- dev
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members, too, as no bureaucraticRur
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Private costs of using public servi
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ut not teachers or health workers,
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7 Priorities and progress in region
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literacy and life expectancy); andF
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to establish the necessary admin-Fi
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Poverty Figure 7.5 South Asia: life
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and North Africa cover the spec- gr
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The high level of urbanization well
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Chaipter 8 Summary and conclusionsI
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is high, frequently well above that
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Stat.istical appendix to Part ITabl
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Table SA.6 Capital flows and debt o
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Montgomery survey administra- publi
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AnnexWorldDevelopmentIndicators
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Table 13. Balance of Payments and D
Page 119 and 120: IntroductionThe World Development I
Page 121 and 122: GNP per capitaAverage indexAverageo
Page 123 and 124: Average annual growth rate (percent
Page 125 and 126: Distribution of gross domestic prod
Page 127 and 128: Average annual growth rate (percent
Page 129 and 130: Distribution of gross domestic prod
Page 131 and 132: Distribution of value added (percen
Page 133 and 134: EnergyEnergyconsumptionAverage annu
Page 135 and 136: Merchandise tradeAverage annual gro
Page 137 and 138: Percentage share of merchandise exp
Page 139 and 140: Percentage share of merchandise imp
Page 141 and 142: Destination of merchandise exports
Page 143 and 144: Destination of manufactured exports
Page 145 and 146: Current accountbalance before Inter
Page 147 and 148: Public and publicly guaranteed medi
Page 149 and 150: External public debtoutstanding and
Page 151 and 152: Amount1981a 1982a 1983a 1984a 1985a
Page 153 and 154: Average annualHypotheticalgrowth of
Page 155 and 156: PercentageCrude Crude Percentage Pe
Page 157 and 158: Percentage ofpopulation ofworking a
Page 159 and 160: Percentage of urban population Numb
Page 161 and 162: Life Infant Childexpectancy mortali
Page 163 and 164: PercentageDaily calorie supplyPopul
Page 165 and 166: Number Numberenrolled in enrolled i
Page 167 and 168: Percentage share of household incom
Page 169: Average index Tables 4 and 5. Growt
Page 173 and 174: continues to grow after replacement
Page 175 and 176: posttax income and conceptually tic
Page 180: -~~~ S-~~~~~ sEuropean Office:66, a
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