Synthesis of Existing Knowledge and Experience on the Provision of ...

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y different departments.This frustrates ambitionsfor longer termdevelopment.• More awareness thatroot causes <strong>of</strong>vulnerability need to beaddressed to reduce theneed for emergencyresponse, as illustratedby the emergence <strong>of</strong>livelihoods-basedemergency response (asdone under the ECHOprogramme <strong>and</strong> USAID’sPastoral LivelihoodsInitiative)3.1.1 PastoralistsPastoralists have for centuries managed water resources <strong>and</strong> constructed their own water points.The most common types <strong>of</strong> water points constructed by pastoralists include shallow <strong>and</strong> deep wells,ponds, <strong>and</strong> birkado, the latter common in Somali region <strong>and</strong> introduced to other regions by nonpastoralists.As water scarcity (<strong>and</strong> now pasture scarcity) is a persistent challenge, communities make appeals forwater to government <strong>and</strong> development organizations/NGOs, either to remedy water shortages orto open up new pasture. Communities either make direct appeals to local NGO <strong>of</strong>fices, or theysubmit appeals to government at district level. If the latter approach is taken, local governmenteither addresses the water shortage directly or writes an endorsement letter for NGOs to attendto the issue.In terms <strong>of</strong> pastoral influence on the planning <strong>and</strong> siting <strong>of</strong> water points, this differs depending on theentity constructing (<strong>and</strong> funding) the point <strong>and</strong> the type <strong>of</strong> water point constructed. Communitieslead decision making when it comes to traditional structures such as ponds, springs <strong>and</strong> customarydeep wells. For structures funded <strong>and</strong> constructed by non-pastoralists, especially those which aretechnically more complex (like boreholes) decision-making is primarily driven by government orother funding agencies (donors/development organizations). The degree to which communitiesparticipate in decision making then depends on the disposition <strong>of</strong> the entity constructing the waterpoint. If community participation is high on an organization’s agenda, as is currently the case amongmany donor agencies which fund long term development, then more attention is given to enablingparticipation in planning, management, <strong>and</strong> maintenance. Where it is not as much a priority, as is thecase among many NGOs <strong>and</strong> local government bureaus, participation is <strong>of</strong>ten symbolic. However,overall, there are signs <strong>of</strong> improved focus on participation among both government <strong>and</strong> developmentorganizations22, yet this is by no means mainstreamed in terms <strong>of</strong> practice across the country.Labour or cash contributions are increasingly expected <strong>of</strong> communities towards the construction,operation <strong>and</strong> maintenance <strong>of</strong> water points to encourage a sense <strong>of</strong> ownership for infrastructure.22 As reflected by increased emphasis on participation in government planning <strong>and</strong> strategy documents <strong>and</strong> thedevelopment <strong>of</strong> guidelines for participatory <strong>and</strong> context-specific planning among government <strong>and</strong> developmentorganizations within projects <strong>and</strong> programmes.36
Eliciting payments for water from local communities remains a considerable challenge, whereaslabour is much more readily provided.To date there is no structured way in which local pastoral communities engage with localgovernment or NGOs. Dem<strong>and</strong> is expressed on a case by case basis. This results in disjointeddem<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> promotes an uncoordinated response. Some projects, however, encourage morestreamlined communication between customary institutions <strong>and</strong> local authorities, as illustrated byUSAID’s Pastoral Livelihoods Initiative.At regional level, Pastoral Associations have been formed by pastoralists in the last four years todirectly <strong>and</strong> formally voice pastoral concerns to government. These have been established in Oromia<strong>and</strong> Afar regions, the former in 2006 <strong>and</strong> the latter in 2008. The Oromia Pastoral Association wasformally recognized by regional government <strong>and</strong> it is well regarded by both pastoralists <strong>and</strong> bygovernment (Fekadu Abate 23 , personal communication). These Associations could act as a vehicle toorganize <strong>and</strong> streamline communication between local communities <strong>and</strong> government (as well asdevelopment organizations) <strong>and</strong> could open up necessary discussions on priority macro-level issuesrelated to water <strong>and</strong> pasture at regional level. Links between Pastoral Associations <strong>and</strong> morelocalized community/government interaction should also be identified <strong>and</strong> promoted.3.1.2 GovernmentFollowing the coming to power <strong>of</strong> the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF)in 1991, <strong>and</strong> the decentralization policy pursued in the context <strong>of</strong> a federal state devolved on ethnicregional lines, water development <strong>and</strong> pastoral development more broadly have become regionalresponsibilities. Regional governments are responsible for drafting policies <strong>and</strong> preparing <strong>and</strong>implementing plans, in line with federal level policies, plans, <strong>and</strong> strategies.3.1.2.1. National level actors, policies <strong>and</strong> strategiesThree line ministries play a central role in guiding water development <strong>and</strong> pastoral development inthe regions: the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Water Resources (MoWR), the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture <strong>and</strong> RuralDevelopment (MoARD) <strong>and</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Federal Affairs (MoFA). By extension, the Ministry <strong>of</strong>Finance <strong>and</strong> Economic Development (MoFED) also influences planning. The MoWR <strong>and</strong> the MoARDfocus on water supply <strong>and</strong> irrigation, while the MoFA focuses on pastoral issues <strong>and</strong> technical <strong>and</strong>capacity support to emerging pastoral regions 24 .Table 3: Ministries involved in water <strong>and</strong> pastoral development.Institution M<strong>and</strong>ate ObservationsMinistry <strong>of</strong>WaterResources(MoWR)• Responsible for the country’s water supply <strong>and</strong>for planning <strong>and</strong> implementing large-scaleirrigation projects.• Sets policy <strong>and</strong> coordinates planning <strong>and</strong>development related to water in Ethiopia.Produces strategies <strong>and</strong> programs, develops <strong>and</strong>implements water sector laws <strong>and</strong> regulations,conducts studies <strong>and</strong> research activities, <strong>and</strong>provides technical support to regional water• Even though planning <strong>and</strong>implementation are regionalresponsibilities, centralministries are heavily involvedin planning <strong>and</strong> technicalexpertise provision at regionallevel in Afar <strong>and</strong> Somaliregions, <strong>and</strong> also in thepastoral areas <strong>of</strong> Oromia <strong>and</strong>SNNPR.23 Executive Officer, Oromia Pastoral Association.24 Emerging regions include Afar <strong>and</strong> Somali regions.37
Page 1 and 2: Synthesis
Page 4 and 5: TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF ACRONYMS..
Page 6 and 7: ACKNOWLEDGMENTSI would like to exte
Page 8 and 9: LIST OF ACRONYMSACDI/VOCAACFAFDCDDC
Page 10 and 11: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYWater development
Page 12 and 13: understanding <str
Page 14 and 15: Agreed upon guidelines for water de
Page 16 and 17: • Make better use of</str
Page 18 and 19: to inform their own work an
Page 20 and 21: Within pastoral areas, it is recogn
Page 23 and 24: Section 2. Overview of</str
Page 25 and 26: Dohrn, 2006). Spatially variable ra
Page 27 and 28: The following broad overview touche
Page 29 and 30: In areas of adequa
Page 31 and 32: observed response was for individua
Page 33 and 34: Specific to water development, seve
Page 35: Section 3. Water development todayT
Page 39 and 40: ureaus 25 . The ministry’s interv
Page 41 and 42: National policy paints a conflictin
Page 43 and 44: will be given to pastoralists to en
Page 45 and 46: Water supplyGovernance and<
Page 47 and 48: vulnerable to conversion for other
Page 49 and 50: • Agro-pastoralists’ priorities
Page 51 and 52: Although the WSDP principles are se
Page 53 and 54: The Universal Access ProgramThe Uni
Page 55 and 56: • Help ensure that public works d
Page 57 and 58: However, the development model for
Page 59 and 60: Figure 4: Proposed pilot la
Page 61 and 62: Many international and</str
Page 63 and 64: Furthermore, attention is given to
Page 65 and 66: CARE International, under the GWI,
Page 67: and traditional me
Page 70 and 71: • Understand exi
Page 72 and 73: 4.2 Key observations in the water d
Page 74 and 75: epresent a firm attempt to preserve
Page 76 and 77: learning from NGO experiences in Bo
Page 78 and 79: However, there are currently no spe
Page 80 and 81: 4.3 Conclusion, ways forward <stron
Page 82 and 83: In sum, pastoralism as a livelihood
Page 84 and 85: • Water interventions selected sh
Page 86 and 87:
• Promote effective participation
Page 88 and 89:
Gebre-Mariam, A. (1982). Organizati
Page 90:
Schimann P. and Ph
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