The mid-term evaluati<strong>on</strong> for <strong>the</strong> project highlights that 44 :• Opening up pasture by strategically c<strong>on</strong>structing water points carries <strong>the</strong> risk <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> permanentsettlement <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>versi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> rangel<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>s for farming purposes, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong>refore must be verycarefully planned.• Very little can be said to date about <strong>the</strong> direct <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> indirect impacts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> water developments <strong>on</strong>livelihoods, as impacts <strong>on</strong> livelihoods are not m<strong>on</strong>itored. More attenti<strong>on</strong> is needed <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong>management <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> quality <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong> rangel<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>s.• A large number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> water points are n<strong>on</strong>-functi<strong>on</strong>al. For example 60% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Somali regi<strong>on</strong>’s birkadoare damaged <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> unused, calling into questi<strong>on</strong> whe<strong>the</strong>r building new birkado is justifiable versusrehabilitating existing structures 45 .• C<strong>on</strong>structing water pans by mechanical means to collect surface water is costly <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> when notd<strong>on</strong>e properly leads to structural damage. However, alternatives to machine dug pans have notbeen c<strong>on</strong>sidered.• Water User Associati<strong>on</strong>s, which require cash c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s especially for motorized systems,are very <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten unsustainable. “The management by associati<strong>on</strong>s in rural areas has failed almosteverywhere,” <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong>refore <strong>the</strong> organizati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> water point management should be decided bycommunities <strong>the</strong>mselves if management is to be sustainable (Schimann <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Philpott, 2007: 10).• External support should be limited to technical input <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> providing financial facilities to covercosts exceeding <strong>the</strong> immediate capacity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong> community (Schimann <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Philpott, 2007: 10).• Observed water point designs were <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten inappropriate <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> poor quality, suggesting a lack <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>technical skill. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, st<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>ard technical designs were rarely adapted or adjusted to suit<strong>the</strong> local c<strong>on</strong>text (Schimann <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Philpott, 2007:11).The Global Water Initiative (GWI)Some projects focus specifically <strong>on</strong> water development as a means <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> improving livelihoods. TheGlobal Water Initiative (GWI) 46 , initiated in 2007 <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> funded by <strong>the</strong> Howard G. Buffet Foundati<strong>on</strong>, is<strong>on</strong>e such example. CARE Internati<strong>on</strong>al, a partner supporting <strong>the</strong> producti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this review, is leading<strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>sortium for GWI implementati<strong>on</strong> in Ethiopia, which is being implemented in <strong>the</strong> Borana z<strong>on</strong>e<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Oromia regi<strong>on</strong> 47 . Al<strong>on</strong>gside <strong>the</strong> PLI <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong> ECHO program, it is ano<strong>the</strong>r example <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> bringingtoge<strong>the</strong>r NGOs to harm<strong>on</strong>ize approaches <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> increase effectiveness. The main objective under thisproject is to ensure that vulnerable populati<strong>on</strong>s have reliable access to clean water withoutcompromising dignity, rights, culture <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong> natural envir<strong>on</strong>ment (GWI interim report, 2008). Italso aims to empower local people to manage water <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong>refore emphasizes capacity building <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><strong>the</strong> ‘s<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>tware’ aspects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> water schemes, as well as promotes water for multiple uses (for humanc<strong>on</strong>sumpti<strong>on</strong>, livestock <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> small scale irrigati<strong>on</strong>). In its first phase <strong>the</strong> project c<strong>on</strong>centrated <strong>on</strong>rehabilitating existing water points (wells, p<strong>on</strong>ds, boreholes, etc.) <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> up to 2011 it will alsoc<strong>on</strong>struct water schemes.44 From Schimann <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Philpott (2007)45 This hinges <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> quality <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong> original water point.46 Implemented by a c<strong>on</strong>sortium comprised <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> CARE Internati<strong>on</strong>al, Oxfam US <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Catholic Relief Services(CRS) al<strong>on</strong>g with local NGOs in Ethiopia.47 Also in <strong>the</strong> Rift Valley, but this is not a pastoral area <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong>refore outside <strong>the</strong> scope <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this report.64
CARE Internati<strong>on</strong>al, under <strong>the</strong> GWI, has also developed guidelines to ensure c<strong>on</strong>flict sensitiveplanning. This is a how-to guide for practiti<strong>on</strong>ers to recognize <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> avoid water-triggered c<strong>on</strong>flict(Demeke, 2008).An Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) strategy has been developed under <strong>the</strong>initiative, which highlights key areas <strong>on</strong> which to focus. Key points <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong> extent to which <strong>the</strong>strategy has influenced practice are highlighted in <strong>the</strong> table below:Table 5: CARE’s IWRM Strategy <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> degree to which <strong>the</strong> strategy has influenced practice.CARE’s Integrated Water ResourceManagement Strategy 48• Water interventi<strong>on</strong>s must bec<strong>on</strong>textualized within <strong>the</strong>broader l<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>scape so as to leadto sustainable pasture <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>use. A z<strong>on</strong>al or higher levelcustomary body should beidentified which can advise <strong>on</strong>water <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> pasture interventi<strong>on</strong>s.In <strong>the</strong> absence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> such a body, orwhere capacity still needs to bestreng<strong>the</strong>ned, practiti<strong>on</strong>ersmust underst<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> local levelcustomary ways <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> doing things,including how rangel<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>s aretraditi<strong>on</strong>ally managed, beforeany interventi<strong>on</strong>s take place.• The right scale <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>needs to be identified (clan area,woreda unit, kebele unit, z<strong>on</strong>alunit, etc.) <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> who should beinvolved in planning, negotiating<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> managing resources at thatscale.• The initiative should workthrough a local woreda levelmulti-stakeholder forum. Thisforum, which should involvecommunity, local government<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> NGOs, needs to beestablished <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> should besupported by CARE. The forumshould assume resp<strong>on</strong>sibility forimplementati<strong>on</strong>, m<strong>on</strong>itoring <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>follow up <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>s under<strong>the</strong> initiative. GIS mapping <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>water points <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> local physicalfeatures should be supported by<strong>the</strong> forum to aid in <strong>the</strong> planningprocess, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings shared with<strong>the</strong> customary body identifiedabove.Some examples <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong> extent to which <strong>the</strong> strategy hasinfluenced practice• CARE facilitates <strong>the</strong> identificati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> selecti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> sites forwater development as well as target beneficiaries throughparticipatory planning, which involves representatives <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>leaders <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> customary instituti<strong>on</strong>s, local government sector<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fices, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> women from <strong>the</strong> community.• CARE <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> program partners have established <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> aresupporting <strong>the</strong> Woreda development coordinati<strong>on</strong>committee, a community based participatory m<strong>on</strong>itoringgroup, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> a Woreda learning alliance group. The Woredadevelopment coordinati<strong>on</strong> committee was establishedto ensure <strong>the</strong> active involvement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> communities <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> localgovernment in planning <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> m<strong>on</strong>itoring <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>s, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>includes community representatives (includingrepresentatives <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> customary instituti<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> women),representatives from local government sector <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fices <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>NGOs working locally. To date, <strong>the</strong> committee has activelyparticipated in <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> facilitated participatory m<strong>on</strong>itoringsessi<strong>on</strong>s during <strong>the</strong> pilot phase <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong> GWI to reviewimplementati<strong>on</strong> progress <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong> pilot. This committee hasalso facilitated <strong>the</strong> identificati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> prioritizati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>interventi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> target groups for <strong>the</strong> l<strong>on</strong>ger term porti<strong>on</strong><str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong> GWI initiative. The community basedparticipatory m<strong>on</strong>itoring group was established toensure representative participati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> all social groups withina community. This group is expected to lead in planning <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>m<strong>on</strong>itoring, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> comprises local leaders, leaders <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>customary pastoral instituti<strong>on</strong>s, elders <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> women. Thisgroup has helped identify <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> select interventi<strong>on</strong> sites <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>target groups for <strong>the</strong> l<strong>on</strong>ger term porti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong> GWI, incollaborati<strong>on</strong> with local government sector representatives.A Woreda learning alliance was established to promote<strong>the</strong> sharing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> best practice am<strong>on</strong>g projectpartners. This, in turn, is meant to promote a harm<strong>on</strong>izedapproach to development by <strong>the</strong> different actors. EngagingNGOs, community groups, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> local government, CARE hascoordinated <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> facilitated three woreda learning alliancefora aiming to review <strong>the</strong> experiences <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> stakeholders inplanning, managing <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> m<strong>on</strong>itoring implementati<strong>on</strong> relevantto <strong>the</strong> IWRM strategy <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong> WASH program. Through<strong>the</strong>se fora, partners were able to systematize <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> harm<strong>on</strong>izeprogram implementati<strong>on</strong> approaches <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> have identifiedremaining gaps to be addressed, including <strong>the</strong> need for wider48 Adapted from Pankhurst (2009)65