Synthesis of Existing Knowledge and Experience on the Provision of ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Other regionsThe Oromia Growth Corridors model is currently being imported by Somali <strong>and</strong> Amhara regions.SNNPR regional administration has also expressed interest in adopting a similar model (KaidakiGezahegn 39 , personal communication).Box 10: Comments on the Oromia Growth Corridors PlanEven though this regional initiative focuses on integrated development in the rangel<strong>and</strong>s, providing services <strong>and</strong>infrastructure which are sorely lacking, it clearly intends to settle pastoralists by promoting settled forms <strong>of</strong>livestock production (i.e. ranching) <strong>and</strong> promotes the privatization <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong>. For decades it has been noted thatsettled forms <strong>of</strong> livestock production have not been successful in the rangel<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> that communal l<strong>and</strong>holding is anecessity for pastoralists to effectively practice their livelihoods. Despite mention <strong>of</strong> participation <strong>and</strong> consultationsat the grassroots, it remains unclear how project interventions can enhance pastoral livelihood resilience given thatmobility <strong>and</strong> communal l<strong>and</strong>holding have been central to helping pastoralists effectively respond <strong>and</strong> adapt to thechallenging lowl<strong>and</strong> environment. Among the many benefits <strong>of</strong> mobile pastoralism, it mainly prevents l<strong>and</strong>/soilexhaustion, protecting the integrity <strong>of</strong> the rangel<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> avoids the concentration <strong>of</strong> livestock, which wouldotherwise increase the incidence <strong>and</strong> spread <strong>of</strong> disease.3.1.3 NGOs/Development organizationsFigure 5: NGOs/development organizations working on water39 Bureau Head, Pastoral Affairs Bureau60
Many international <strong>and</strong> local NGOs as well asinternational development organizations areengaged in water development in pastoralregions mainly in the construction <strong>and</strong>rehabilitation <strong>of</strong> water points, the development<strong>of</strong> small scale irrigation, <strong>and</strong> the provision <strong>of</strong>capacity building <strong>and</strong> training.There is no uniform approach to the way thatNGOs or development organizations engage inpastoral areas. Individual organizations usuallywork in isolation from government <strong>and</strong> fromone another, meaning that just as forgovernment, NGO approaches run the gamutfrom conventional technocratic methods tothose which are highly participatory <strong>and</strong>location-specific. As noted previously forgovernment interventions, incoherence inapproach to water development <strong>and</strong> weaklinkages between practitioners creates anenvironment where it is easy for inappropriate<strong>and</strong> poor quality water development to gounchecked.Box 11: Water User Associations in Ethiopia <strong>and</strong>relevance in the pastoral contextIn the last 10 years, government <strong>and</strong> NGOs haveintroduced Water User Associations (WUA) as ameans for communities to take on the operation,management, <strong>and</strong> maintenance <strong>of</strong> water points instead<strong>of</strong>, or <strong>of</strong>ten alongside, government. These associationsare generally made up <strong>of</strong> about 7 members meant torepresent a cross-section <strong>of</strong> water users in a givenlocality. Training is provided for these members toenable them to perform their duties, yet <strong>of</strong>ten, moreattention is given to physically establishing theseassociations rather than ensuring that they operateeffectively. Projects are still more concerned withmeeting targets as outlined in proposals rather thanmeasuring effectiveness. WUAs therefore suffer fromweak management, operation, <strong>and</strong> maintenancecapacity. Very <strong>of</strong>ten water points are managed bygovernment even though they are meant to be h<strong>and</strong>edover to WUAs to manage. In the pastoral context,WUAs could benefit <strong>and</strong> learn from existing customarywater management systems, <strong>and</strong> avenues should beexplored to meld the two management arrangementsto make the most <strong>of</strong> what each has to <strong>of</strong>fer.In terms <strong>of</strong> engagement on the ground, there are two ways in which NGOs/developmentorganizations engage with pastoralists. The first method is to approach the woreda <strong>of</strong>fice whichidentifies PAs or kebeles where there is need for water. Once areas are identified, the PA authorityorganizes a community meeting where priorities are identified by a committee meant to representthe community. NGOs/development organizations then plan interventions, submit proposals atregional level for approval, implement the project, <strong>and</strong> h<strong>and</strong> over new infrastructure to either theadministrative authority or to Water User Associations (WUAs). The second method <strong>of</strong>engagement is for NGOs to approach communities directly who themselves identify developmentpriorities without relying on local administration to facilitate the process. This is common amongNGOs who have previous experience in an area or with a particular community, <strong>and</strong> avoidspotential administrative biases. Development needs are discussed directly with communities, localbaselines sometimes carried out, interventions planned, proposals submitted for approval at regionallevel, <strong>and</strong> infrastructure h<strong>and</strong>ed over to local government or WUAs. Whether organizations engagewith communities directly or through the kebele, in both cases proposals must be submitted toeither regional pastoral bureaus/commissions if the project is related to pastoral development or tothe water bureau if the intervention is purely water related. If projects in pastoral areas areimplemented by consortia, each organization must independently clear proposed activities with therelevant authority.Setting up WUAs is now increasingly encouraged to improve downward accountability by bothNGOs <strong>and</strong> government, <strong>and</strong> to enable communities to manage <strong>and</strong> operate local water points,rather than the responsibility lying solely with government or with customary institutions whichpreviously managed water resources. These Associations are meant to reflect a cross-section <strong>of</strong> thecommunity (Box 11). To date, however, WUAs <strong>of</strong>ten lack the capacity to manage <strong>and</strong> operatecomplex schemes – unlike customary systems.61
Page 1 and 2:
Synthesis
Page 4 and 5:
TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF ACRONYMS..
Page 6 and 7:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSI would like to exte
Page 8 and 9:
LIST OF ACRONYMSACDI/VOCAACFAFDCDDC
Page 10 and 11: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYWater development
Page 12 and 13: understanding <str
Page 14 and 15: Agreed upon guidelines for water de
Page 16 and 17: • Make better use of</str
Page 18 and 19: to inform their own work an
Page 20 and 21: Within pastoral areas, it is recogn
Page 23 and 24: Section 2. Overview of</str
Page 25 and 26: Dohrn, 2006). Spatially variable ra
Page 27 and 28: The following broad overview touche
Page 29 and 30: In areas of adequa
Page 31 and 32: observed response was for individua
Page 33 and 34: Specific to water development, seve
Page 35 and 36: Section 3. Water development todayT
Page 37 and 38: Eliciting payments for water from l
Page 39 and 40: ureaus 25 . The ministry’s interv
Page 41 and 42: National policy paints a conflictin
Page 43 and 44: will be given to pastoralists to en
Page 45 and 46: Water supplyGovernance and<
Page 47 and 48: vulnerable to conversion for other
Page 49 and 50: • Agro-pastoralists’ priorities
Page 51 and 52: Although the WSDP principles are se
Page 53 and 54: The Universal Access ProgramThe Uni
Page 55 and 56: • Help ensure that public works d
Page 57 and 58: However, the development model for
Page 59: Figure 4: Proposed pilot la
Page 63 and 64: Furthermore, attention is given to
Page 65 and 66: CARE International, under the GWI,
Page 67: and traditional me
Page 70 and 71: • Understand exi
Page 72 and 73: 4.2 Key observations in the water d
Page 74 and 75: epresent a firm attempt to preserve
Page 76 and 77: learning from NGO experiences in Bo
Page 78 and 79: However, there are currently no spe
Page 80 and 81: 4.3 Conclusion, ways forward <stron
Page 82 and 83: In sum, pastoralism as a livelihood
Page 84 and 85: • Water interventions selected sh
Page 86 and 87: • Promote effective participation
Page 88 and 89: Gebre-Mariam, A. (1982). Organizati
Page 90: Schimann P. and Ph
show all

Synthesis of Existing Knowledge and Experience on the Provision of ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?