Synthesis of Existing Knowledge and Experience on the Provision of ...

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However, there are currently no specific coordination efforts on water for productive use orcommon guidelines for water development in pastoral regions. Water issues are fragmentedbetween different coordination groups, which are either project specific or related to particularthemes such as emergency relief, livestock, agriculture/food security, natural resource management,<strong>and</strong> access to safe drinking water, all led by different agencies. The sheer number <strong>of</strong> coordinationgroups <strong>and</strong> fora suggests that there is much coordination but little harmonization. Many <strong>of</strong> theexisting coordination efforts touch on overlapping themes, are led by different agencies <strong>and</strong> run inparallel. Discussion around water, as a cross-cutting theme, is splintered <strong>and</strong> diluted across thedifferent groups, <strong>and</strong> where it is a central topic <strong>of</strong> discussion (such as in coordination fora on accessto safe drinking water), discussions concentrate on water for human use rather than for livestock oragriculture.Box 15: Selection <strong>of</strong> coordination efforts relevant to water <strong>and</strong> pastoral development in Ethiopia(based on Gijs Van’t Klooster, FAO, <strong>and</strong> Fiona Flintan, ELSE/ELMT Program <strong>and</strong> NRM Technical Working Group,personal communication, 2009)Emergency relief:• Overall coordination <strong>of</strong> emergency interventions led by UN-OCHA.• Coordination forum for all PLI-USAID projects (led by Tufts University)*• Coordination forum for all ECHO RDD projects (led by FAO)*Development:• Coordination group for the Agricultural Growth Programme under the Rural Economic Development <strong>and</strong> FoodSecurity subgroup <strong>of</strong> the Donor Assistance Group, led by the World Bank. Under this programme, alivestock/pastoral working subgroup has been formed by the MoARD, USAID, FAO, Tufts University, <strong>and</strong> theEuropean Commission to promote livestock production as a vehicle for agricultural growth.• The livestock policy forum (as discussed previously in Section 3.2.2.1)• Coordination group for the PCDP, led by the World Bank• Coordination group for the PSNP, led by the World Bank with a taskforce for pastoral areas.Natural Resource Management:• Initially supported under the ELSE/ELMT program, the NRM Technical Working Group (TWG) currently housedin Save the Children/US is made up <strong>of</strong> members from NGOs, government (federal, regional <strong>and</strong> local), donors<strong>and</strong> development agencies. It provides a forum for information <strong>and</strong> experience exchange including, potentially, onwater. Currently, NRM sub-groups are being established at a regional <strong>and</strong>/or zonal levels.Regions <strong>and</strong> zones:• Multiple theme- based coordination groups, led by regional or zonal government.*These two have now joined, <strong>and</strong> the joint coordination group is now led by regional agricultural bureaus.As indicated, guidelines do exist which could serve as a strong foundation for developing a broaderset on water for productive use in pastoral regions. The existence <strong>of</strong> multiple coordination groupsconcerned with development <strong>and</strong> development-oriented emergency relief in pastoral areas serves asa good opportunity to then mainstream developed guidelines into practice.4.2.3 Water development in the context <strong>of</strong> broader natural resourcemanagementWater in pastoral regions is part <strong>and</strong> parcel <strong>of</strong> the broader natural resource base, <strong>and</strong> decisionsrelated to water among pastoralists are de facto decisions related to pasture. Therefore watercannot be seen as a st<strong>and</strong>-alone issue <strong>and</strong> water point development for people (<strong>and</strong> livestock) mustalso consider broader natural resource management if environmental degradation <strong>and</strong> conflict are tobe minimized.78
However, water development in Ethiopia is still largely worked on as a st<strong>and</strong>alone issue divorcedfrom broader natural resource management <strong>and</strong> from broader development. This suggests poorlinkages between water provision <strong>and</strong> improving livelihood resilience.Some actors have begun to address this disconnect. The government’s PSNP aims to underst<strong>and</strong>customary natural resource use, the type <strong>and</strong> extent <strong>of</strong> different natural resources in specific areasincluding degraded l<strong>and</strong>scapes, as well as existing customary resource management systems. It doesso through the use <strong>of</strong> participatory natural resource mapping, which allows practitioners to get a feelfor local needs <strong>and</strong> concerns. USAID’s PLI uses a similar approach, where Save the Children USleads on working with <strong>and</strong> strengthening customary institutions to properly underst<strong>and</strong> localphysical, social, <strong>and</strong> cultural contexts. Some NGOs are doing the same. LVIA, as part <strong>of</strong> theELSE/ELMT program, has put together a comprehensive GIS based atlas for parts <strong>of</strong> Borana inOromia region, which identifies existing water resources, water points <strong>and</strong> pasture, among otherfeatures, to help inform planning. In addition, Oromia region’s approach to development, through itsOromia Growth Corridors Plan, is to underst<strong>and</strong> existing natural resources <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong> uses through acomprehensive l<strong>and</strong> use mapping <strong>and</strong> planning exercise.4.2.4 Development versus emergency reliefDevelopment projects have begun to put more effort into the s<strong>of</strong>tware aspect <strong>of</strong> developmentinterventions, including working closely with communities to appropriately plan interventions <strong>and</strong>building local capacity to operate <strong>and</strong> manage schemes. However, development projects <strong>and</strong>programs are dwarfed by much more widespread short-term emergency relief projects. The shortterm nature <strong>of</strong> emergency relief, where projects are typically up to 6 months in duration (notexceeding 12 months in rare cases), puts inordinate amounts <strong>of</strong> pressure on implementing agenciesto address water shortages <strong>and</strong> meet targets at the expense <strong>of</strong> appropriate planning <strong>and</strong> ensuringsustainability, which requires much more time 58 . It is not hard to see how these parallel modes <strong>of</strong>operation can undermine long-term development efforts in the rangel<strong>and</strong>s.A nascent trend observed is the introduction <strong>of</strong> a longer term livelihoods approach to humanitarianinterventions as seen under USAID’s PLI <strong>and</strong> ECHO’s RDD programs (see Section 3), which focuson rehabilitation <strong>and</strong> simple water infrastructure in areas outside settlements. To avoid contentiousissues related to establishing new water points, such projects increasingly promote rehabilitatingexisting water infrastructure (especially <strong>of</strong> more complex schemes).There are also a number <strong>of</strong> cases <strong>of</strong> NGOs using their experience with communities in ahumanitarian relief context as an entry point for longer term development. For example, OxfamUSA has managed to secure funds for a long-term development project in pastoral areas focused onsmall-scale irrigation, as a direct follow on project building on emergency relief activities. Givenincreased funding available for pastoral programs <strong>and</strong> projects, this has meant that there is morelikelihood for follow up projects to take place in pastoral areas, providing some continuity (FionaFlintan 59 , personal communication, 2009).Given the need for immediate response in an emergency context, it is unlikely that emergency reliefproject cycles will be extended to accommodate the time needed to incorporate effective planning<strong>and</strong> other s<strong>of</strong>tware interventions which would help improve water point sustainability. In light <strong>of</strong>this, synergies should be promoted between development <strong>and</strong> emergency relief practitioners to helpmitigate the potential for humanitarian interventions to undermine long term development.58 It is recommended that planning prior to any new physical interventions should take about 6 months if it isto be done properly (Warner <strong>and</strong> Abate, 2005).59 Regional NRM Technical Advisory, ELSE/ELMT Program <strong>and</strong> coordinator NRM Technical Working Group,Addis Ababa79
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Synthesis
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TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF ACRONYMS..
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSI would like to exte
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LIST OF ACRONYMSACDI/VOCAACFAFDCDDC
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYWater development
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understanding <str
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Agreed upon guidelines for water de
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• Make better use of</str
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to inform their own work an
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Within pastoral areas, it is recogn
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Section 2. Overview of</str
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Dohrn, 2006). Spatially variable ra
Page 27 and 28: The following broad overview touche
Page 29 and 30: In areas of adequa
Page 31 and 32: observed response was for individua
Page 33 and 34: Specific to water development, seve
Page 35 and 36: Section 3. Water development todayT
Page 37 and 38: Eliciting payments for water from l
Page 39 and 40: ureaus 25 . The ministry’s interv
Page 41 and 42: National policy paints a conflictin
Page 43 and 44: will be given to pastoralists to en
Page 45 and 46: Water supplyGovernance and<
Page 47 and 48: vulnerable to conversion for other
Page 49 and 50: • Agro-pastoralists’ priorities
Page 51 and 52: Although the WSDP principles are se
Page 53 and 54: The Universal Access ProgramThe Uni
Page 55 and 56: • Help ensure that public works d
Page 57 and 58: However, the development model for
Page 59 and 60: Figure 4: Proposed pilot la
Page 61 and 62: Many international and</str
Page 63 and 64: Furthermore, attention is given to
Page 65 and 66: CARE International, under the GWI,
Page 67: and traditional me
Page 70 and 71: • Understand exi
Page 72 and 73: 4.2 Key observations in the water d
Page 74 and 75: epresent a firm attempt to preserve
Page 76 and 77: learning from NGO experiences in Bo
Page 80 and 81: 4.3 Conclusion, ways forward <stron
Page 82 and 83: In sum, pastoralism as a livelihood
Page 84 and 85: • Water interventions selected sh
Page 86 and 87: • Promote effective participation
Page 88 and 89: Gebre-Mariam, A. (1982). Organizati
Page 90: Schimann P. and Ph
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