Synthesis of Existing Knowledge and Experience on the Provision of ...

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nomadic livestock husb<strong>and</strong>ry to a sedentary farmer…[<strong>and</strong>] it will require a major cultural change”(RDPS, 2001: 77).Participation is explicitly mentioned, but phrases such as “democratically persuade the people <strong>and</strong>make them participate” (RDPS, 2001:133) do not clarify how participation is to be promoted orimplemented 27 . Yet at the same time, the document recognizes the value <strong>of</strong> strengthening customaryl<strong>and</strong> management practices as well as the value <strong>of</strong> local pastoral knowledge. It states that “incollaboration with tribal leaders <strong>and</strong> people representatives, a lot has to be done to improve themanagement <strong>and</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> the rangel<strong>and</strong>s” (RDPS, 2001: 74). It also mentions that using “thetribal structures <strong>of</strong> the people” may be an appropriate platform from whence to “democraticallymotivate the people for development” (RDPS, 2001: 149).Federal Rural L<strong>and</strong> LawIssued in 2005, this law supports the private holding <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> be it for individual farmers to claimagricultural l<strong>and</strong> or for pastoralists to claim a portion <strong>of</strong> the rangel<strong>and</strong>s. In essence, it does notrecognize the rationale <strong>of</strong> traditional communal l<strong>and</strong>holding, <strong>and</strong> has been criticized as going againstthe federal constitution (Abdulahi <strong>and</strong> Adenew, 2007). Also argued is that although the constitutiondoes mention pastoral rights to grazing l<strong>and</strong>, this needs to be further developed at the regional level,where Abdulahi <strong>and</strong> Adenew (2007) note that regional laws relating to pastoral rights are ‘vague.’Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy (MoWR, 1999)The Ministry <strong>of</strong> Water Resourcesintroduced the country’s first nationalwater resources management policy,outlining the country’s vision for thedevelopment <strong>of</strong> rural <strong>and</strong> urbanwater supply, irrigation, <strong>and</strong>hydropower generation. The policywas adopted to address specificshortcomings in the waterdevelopment sector [Box 4].This policy does not specificallydisaggregate between highl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong>lowl<strong>and</strong> areas, although the policyprescriptions, if followed, shouldensure that local contexts areconsidered.Box 4: Ethiopian Water PolicyA comprehensive water resource management policy was setout in 1999 to begin to address:• The lack <strong>of</strong> a comprehensive water resource managementstrategy;• The prevalence <strong>of</strong> unrealistic <strong>and</strong> unattainable plans <strong>and</strong>programs;• Non-objectives oriented programs <strong>and</strong> projects;• Uncertain <strong>and</strong> ambiguous planning;• Intensive centralism <strong>of</strong> management with no focus on ruraldevelopment;• Lack <strong>of</strong> institutional sustainability; <strong>and</strong>• Ad hoc development practice lacking coherent objectives<strong>and</strong> continuity.The policy also recognizes that competition for water <strong>and</strong>pasture could lead to ethnic tension, <strong>and</strong> as such, appropriatewater policy must be developed for pastoral regions.Water supply focuses on availingwater for human <strong>and</strong> livestock use, where livestock water supply is recognized as an integral part <strong>of</strong>the overall water sector. Water for livestock is explicitly mentioned <strong>and</strong> its importance emphasisedfor lowl<strong>and</strong> areas. The policy states that “livestock water supply is an integral part <strong>of</strong> the overallwater sector” (MoWR, 1999: 22), while irrigation is meant to improve food security through theimplementation <strong>of</strong> small, medium <strong>and</strong> large scale interventions.27 This approach to participation is not specific to pastoral areas but applies more broadly.44
Water supplyGovernance <strong>and</strong> capacityThe policy outlines that efficient <strong>and</strong> sustainable management <strong>of</strong> water supply requires managementthat combines federal level guidance with regional level implementation - with strong verticallinkages. Management should be at the lowest level <strong>of</strong> institutional setup, allowing for userparticipation <strong>and</strong> effective decision making. Within this context, stakeholder roles <strong>and</strong>responsibilities need clear definition, including those <strong>of</strong> government actors at federal, regional, zonal,woreda, <strong>and</strong> kebele levels, as well as those <strong>of</strong> external actors such as NGOs, developmentorganizations <strong>and</strong> donors. The policy also explicitly recognizes the need for building <strong>and</strong>strengthening water management capacity at both federal <strong>and</strong> regional level, highlighting specificareas <strong>of</strong> focus including institutions, manpower, <strong>and</strong> legislation.Water user involvementEmphasis is given to promoting participation from the grassroots. This includes the need to identify<strong>and</strong> involve local stakeholders at the outset <strong>of</strong> any water development, provide a legal basis formeaningful participation <strong>of</strong> stakeholders (including water users’ associations), support traditional <strong>and</strong>localized water harvesting techniques, build on <strong>and</strong> improve existing traditional water sources toimprove rural water supply, <strong>and</strong> promote community involvement in management, operation <strong>and</strong>maintenance with a clear underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> realities on the ground.Coordination <strong>and</strong> linkagesLinkages <strong>and</strong> partnerships between different actors are explicitly encouraged. The policy recognizesthe need to develop a framework for partnership <strong>and</strong> collaboration between community,government, <strong>and</strong> external agents (NGOs etc.) <strong>and</strong> the need for dialogue between them through theestablishment <strong>of</strong> fora for discussion <strong>and</strong> consultation.IrrigationTwo main strategies for irrigation development are outlined in the policy, the development <strong>of</strong>medium <strong>and</strong> large scale irrigation projects to address food security at national level, <strong>and</strong> small <strong>and</strong>medium scale irrigation projects to address household level food security based on userparticipation <strong>and</strong> management. The policy explicitly calls for the support <strong>and</strong> enhancement <strong>of</strong>traditional irrigation practices, <strong>and</strong> the promotion <strong>and</strong> meaningful participation <strong>of</strong> all stakeholders inall phases <strong>of</strong> planning, studies, implementation, <strong>and</strong> operation <strong>of</strong> irrigation schemes <strong>of</strong> all sizes.Furthermore, it calls for the need to “provide for the harmonious co-existence <strong>of</strong> indigenouspeoples <strong>and</strong> irrigation projects” (MoWR, 1999).Ministry <strong>of</strong> Federal Affairs Draft Policy Statement for the Sustainable Development <strong>of</strong>Pastoral <strong>and</strong> Agro Pastoral Areas <strong>of</strong> Ethiopia (MoFA, 2008)Page 2 <strong>of</strong> this document states that:“…in the short term, this policy envisages that the needs <strong>of</strong> pastoralists <strong>and</strong> agro pastoralists will bereflected in all national policy <strong>and</strong> planning frameworks, that the vulnerability <strong>of</strong> poor people to climaticshocks, particularly droughts <strong>and</strong> floods, will be reduced <strong>and</strong> capacities strengthened to respond toclimate change, <strong>and</strong>, that the inhabitants benefit from systems <strong>of</strong> good local governance. In the longterm,the government envisions a stable pastoral <strong>and</strong> agro pastoral community through the facilitation <strong>of</strong>gradual <strong>and</strong> voluntary transition towards permanent settlement especially along the perennial riverbanks. In addition, the Government will provide support for the expansion <strong>of</strong> irrigation through waterharvesting at household levels <strong>and</strong> strengthen the constructions <strong>of</strong> multi-purpose dams to support45
Page 1 and 2: Synthesis
Page 4 and 5: TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF ACRONYMS..
Page 6 and 7: ACKNOWLEDGMENTSI would like to exte
Page 8 and 9: LIST OF ACRONYMSACDI/VOCAACFAFDCDDC
Page 10 and 11: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYWater development
Page 12 and 13: understanding <str
Page 14 and 15: Agreed upon guidelines for water de
Page 16 and 17: • Make better use of</str
Page 18 and 19: to inform their own work an
Page 20 and 21: Within pastoral areas, it is recogn
Page 23 and 24: Section 2. Overview of</str
Page 25 and 26: Dohrn, 2006). Spatially variable ra
Page 27 and 28: The following broad overview touche
Page 29 and 30: In areas of adequa
Page 31 and 32: observed response was for individua
Page 33 and 34: Specific to water development, seve
Page 35 and 36: Section 3. Water development todayT
Page 37 and 38: Eliciting payments for water from l
Page 39 and 40: ureaus 25 . The ministry’s interv
Page 41 and 42: National policy paints a conflictin
Page 43: will be given to pastoralists to en
Page 47 and 48: vulnerable to conversion for other
Page 49 and 50: • Agro-pastoralists’ priorities
Page 51 and 52: Although the WSDP principles are se
Page 53 and 54: The Universal Access ProgramThe Uni
Page 55 and 56: • Help ensure that public works d
Page 57 and 58: However, the development model for
Page 59 and 60: Figure 4: Proposed pilot la
Page 61 and 62: Many international and</str
Page 63 and 64: Furthermore, attention is given to
Page 65 and 66: CARE International, under the GWI,
Page 67: and traditional me
Page 70 and 71: • Understand exi
Page 72 and 73: 4.2 Key observations in the water d
Page 74 and 75: epresent a firm attempt to preserve
Page 76 and 77: learning from NGO experiences in Bo
Page 78 and 79: However, there are currently no spe
Page 80 and 81: 4.3 Conclusion, ways forward <stron
Page 82 and 83: In sum, pastoralism as a livelihood
Page 84 and 85: • Water interventions selected sh
Page 86 and 87: • Promote effective participation
Page 88 and 89: Gebre-Mariam, A. (1982). Organizati
Page 90: Schimann P. and Ph

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