Synthesis of Existing Knowledge and Experience on the Provision of ...

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sharing on water development best practice is critical to inform ways forward, <strong>and</strong> debate <strong>and</strong>dialogue on current practice is needed.Oromia Growth Corridors Plan 35The 5 year Oromia Growth Corridors Plan was prepared in 2006 by Oromia regional governmentin response to what was seen as a failure <strong>of</strong> previous development efforts to bring sustainablesolutions to existing challenges in the lowl<strong>and</strong>s. It was concluded that piecemeal development effortscould not bring about sustainable development or food security, <strong>and</strong> a holistic <strong>and</strong> concertedregional development effort was needed to achieve this objective, by using water as an entry point.The plan foresees that constructing deep wells tapping into ‘permanent’ groundwater, supported bysurface water harvesting, will make possible multiple l<strong>and</strong> uses including livestock production as wellas irrigation. Detailed l<strong>and</strong> use planning - a tool used for the first time at government level to informdevelopment in the rangel<strong>and</strong>s - will inform types <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> uses suitable for different areas. Accordingto the Oromia Water Works Design <strong>and</strong> Supervision Enterprise, “with the perspective <strong>of</strong> the PRSPtowards achieving the MDGs <strong>and</strong> ensuring further economic growth, investing in waterinfrastructure is not a matter <strong>of</strong> fashion or option but essential <strong>and</strong> inescapable.”The trigger for the Plan was to explore resettlement potential in the lowl<strong>and</strong>s to alleviate pressureon the degraded <strong>and</strong> dwindling l<strong>and</strong> resources <strong>of</strong> the highl<strong>and</strong>s. The vision for the Growth CorridorsPlan is that food insecure areas in the lowl<strong>and</strong>s could be transformed into development centreswhich will relieve pressure on degraded resources in the highl<strong>and</strong>s. Three ‘development corridors,’including South East Oromia Development Corridor, Central Oromia Development Corridor(which consists <strong>of</strong> the Rift Valley <strong>and</strong> the central Oromia highl<strong>and</strong>s), <strong>and</strong> the Western OromiaDevelopment Corridor are targeted. The Plan would ensure “equity <strong>and</strong> balanced development”(The Oromia Development Corridors Approach Strategic Plan, 2008 36 : 2) in these regions.The Plan focuses on integrated development in the region, to include: 1) good governance, 2)effective <strong>and</strong> sustainable l<strong>and</strong> use <strong>and</strong> management systems, 3) human <strong>and</strong> livestock health, 3)infrastructure development (roads, power, communication, health <strong>and</strong> access to markets), 4)improved productivity <strong>of</strong> livestock <strong>and</strong> dryl<strong>and</strong> farming, 5) strengthened implementation capacity atlocal level (Ibid: 6).The multi-sectoral approachL<strong>and</strong> use plans are prepared in an integrated manner “incorporating all essential aspects <strong>of</strong>development” (Taye Alemayahu, personal communication, 2009) <strong>and</strong> with input from all sectors.Because it is multi-sectoral, implementation <strong>of</strong> the plan is beyond the scope or capabilities <strong>of</strong> any oneregional bureau. Thus the Oromia L<strong>and</strong> Administration <strong>and</strong> Environmental Protection Bureau wasestablished to guide the implementation <strong>of</strong> the plan <strong>and</strong> to draft regulations regarding l<strong>and</strong> use - withbackstopping from the Oromia Water Works Design <strong>and</strong> Supervision Enterprise.The Deputy General Manager <strong>of</strong> the Oromia Water Works Design <strong>and</strong> Supervision Enterprise, TayeAlemayehu, believes that the multi-sectoral approach is what sets this program apart from earlyrangel<strong>and</strong> development projects such as the RDP. The premise is that covering the multipledevelopment needs in the rangel<strong>and</strong>s (including human <strong>and</strong> livestock health, infrastructure, etc.) mustgo h<strong>and</strong> in h<strong>and</strong> with availing water. He also notes that different l<strong>and</strong> use needs in the region arerecognized <strong>and</strong> considered, made possible through detailed l<strong>and</strong> use planning, <strong>and</strong> that communityparticipation plays a much more central role.35 This initiative is the only exception to the federal level projects highlighted so far, as it has been planned <strong>and</strong>is being implemented at regional level in Oromia regional state only (so far).36 This document is the master strategic plan guiding the initiative. All other documents cited in thedescription <strong>of</strong> this initiative fall under the umbrella <strong>of</strong> this master strategic plan.56
However, the development model for the Growth Corridors Plan still aims for the ‘voluntary’settlement <strong>of</strong> pastoralists in the long term. As pastoralists are increasingly observed to settle,development in pastoral regions is planned with a view towards providing livelihood diversificationopportunities with an agricultural emphasis, especially for youth. For livestock production, a moresettled model is envisioned as it is concluded that current pressures faced by pastoral communitiesare not conducive for mobility, <strong>and</strong> recurrent heavy losses <strong>of</strong> livestock have made pastoralists moreopen to settling (Taye Alemayehu, personal communication. 2009). Even though settled forms <strong>of</strong>livestock production failed in previous rangel<strong>and</strong> development approaches it is believed that thesemodels will work in today’s context because the project also provides other necessary developmentneeds such as roads, communication, access to market information, schools, <strong>and</strong> health services,besides just water (Ibid).Water Development – the entry pointIn Hararge, nineteen deep wells have been drilled in the lowl<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>of</strong> which sixteen are observed tobe highly productive. Water quality in most wells is deemed suitable for domestic <strong>and</strong> agriculturaluse. In East <strong>and</strong> West Hararge, eight water supply schemes targeting existing <strong>and</strong> new settlementareas in five food insecure districts are currently under construction, including more than 496km <strong>of</strong>pipeline, 320 distribution points <strong>and</strong> 164 cattle troughs (The Oromia Development CorridorsApproach Strategic Plan, 2008).In Borana, eight food insecure districts are targeted for the construction <strong>of</strong> water supply schemes,primarily centred on deep wells. So far fourteen deep wells have been drilled with ‘sufficient water<strong>of</strong> acceptable quality’ (Taye Alemayehu, personal communication. 2009). The construction <strong>of</strong> morethan 2000km <strong>of</strong> pipeline has therefore begun in three localities, guided by the proposed l<strong>and</strong> use plan(Ibid).L<strong>and</strong> use planningIntegrated l<strong>and</strong> use planning was introduced under this project as a tool to guide decision-making onbest uses <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong>. It was concluded that a serious impediment to appropriate development is adearth <strong>of</strong> knowledge about available resources <strong>and</strong> their potential uses, which has resulted inunsuitable l<strong>and</strong> use leading to deforestation, l<strong>and</strong> degradation, decreased productivity, <strong>and</strong> increasedvulnerability to food insecurity (The Oromia Development Corridors Approach Strategic Plan,2008).The outputs <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> use plans include semi-detailed soil maps at district level, <strong>and</strong> the initialidentification <strong>of</strong> suitable areas for cash food crops <strong>and</strong> animal feed production (either rain fed orirrigated, but with more focus on irrigation), areas for agro-industrial development, areas forlivestock production, areas for resettlement, <strong>and</strong> areas for tourism <strong>and</strong> market development.Technical l<strong>and</strong> use manuals have been developed to guide sustainable l<strong>and</strong> use, <strong>and</strong> a draft l<strong>and</strong> useproclamation for pastoral areas will be produced.AgricultureAgriculture is identified as a key development focus to achieve sustainable growth <strong>and</strong> food securityin Oromia (Oromia L<strong>and</strong> Use Guided Valley Development Program, 2009), <strong>and</strong> irrigation is seen asthe “only strategy to exercise sustainable agriculture.”The region is believed to possess about 1.7m ha <strong>of</strong> potentially irrigable l<strong>and</strong> using surface water, onlya fraction <strong>of</strong> which is used for this purpose (Ibid). The Fentale I <strong>and</strong> II irrigation schemes were thusestablished to exp<strong>and</strong> irrigation. About 28,000ha have been set aside for irrigation developmentunder Fentale I, <strong>of</strong> which 900ha have already been developed. For Fentale II, 8000ha have been setaside. The objective is to provide livelihoods for Kerrayu <strong>and</strong> Itu pastoralists by shifting theirlivelihood strategies away from total dependence on ‘unsustainable’ pastoral production toagricultural production (Taye Alemayehu, personal communication, 2009).57
Page 1 and 2:
Synthesis
Page 4 and 5:
TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF ACRONYMS..
Page 6 and 7: ACKNOWLEDGMENTSI would like to exte
Page 8 and 9: LIST OF ACRONYMSACDI/VOCAACFAFDCDDC
Page 10 and 11: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYWater development
Page 12 and 13: understanding <str
Page 14 and 15: Agreed upon guidelines for water de
Page 16 and 17: • Make better use of</str
Page 18 and 19: to inform their own work an
Page 20 and 21: Within pastoral areas, it is recogn
Page 23 and 24: Section 2. Overview of</str
Page 25 and 26: Dohrn, 2006). Spatially variable ra
Page 27 and 28: The following broad overview touche
Page 29 and 30: In areas of adequa
Page 31 and 32: observed response was for individua
Page 33 and 34: Specific to water development, seve
Page 35 and 36: Section 3. Water development todayT
Page 37 and 38: Eliciting payments for water from l
Page 39 and 40: ureaus 25 . The ministry’s interv
Page 41 and 42: National policy paints a conflictin
Page 43 and 44: will be given to pastoralists to en
Page 45 and 46: Water supplyGovernance and<
Page 47 and 48: vulnerable to conversion for other
Page 49 and 50: • Agro-pastoralists’ priorities
Page 51 and 52: Although the WSDP principles are se
Page 53 and 54: The Universal Access ProgramThe Uni
Page 55: • Help ensure that public works d
Page 59 and 60: Figure 4: Proposed pilot la
Page 61 and 62: Many international and</str
Page 63 and 64: Furthermore, attention is given to
Page 65 and 66: CARE International, under the GWI,
Page 67: and traditional me
Page 70 and 71: • Understand exi
Page 72 and 73: 4.2 Key observations in the water d
Page 74 and 75: epresent a firm attempt to preserve
Page 76 and 77: learning from NGO experiences in Bo
Page 78 and 79: However, there are currently no spe
Page 80 and 81: 4.3 Conclusion, ways forward <stron
Page 82 and 83: In sum, pastoralism as a livelihood
Page 84 and 85: • Water interventions selected sh
Page 86 and 87: • Promote effective participation
Page 88 and 89: Gebre-Mariam, A. (1982). Organizati
Page 90: Schimann P. and Ph
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