Synthesis of Existing Knowledge and Experience on the Provision of ...

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• Water interventions selected should ideally be familiar to local communities <strong>and</strong> within theirunderst<strong>and</strong>ing. If designed <strong>and</strong> constructed beyond the underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> users, they are notlikely to be sustainable.• Promote the contribution <strong>of</strong> cash <strong>and</strong>/or labour to the construction or rehabilitation <strong>of</strong> waterpoints. This is to enhance community commitment to maintaining the water point <strong>and</strong> ensuringthat it is sustainable beyond the lifetime <strong>of</strong> the project.Management• Establish clear <strong>and</strong> equitable management systems for water points. Unless this point is tackledfrom the outset <strong>of</strong> the project, it is likely that the water point will be vulnerable to breakage ormisuse.• Assist communities to establish water management committees (or variations there<strong>of</strong>),representative <strong>of</strong> all groups with a stake in the development. This should include women, <strong>and</strong>non-pastoral groups (e.g. immigrants, Internally Displaced Persons, refugees). Committeesshould help define <strong>and</strong> manage water interventions. Management includes operation <strong>and</strong>maintenance <strong>and</strong> members should receive adequate training to perform these tasks.• Build on <strong>and</strong> strengthen existing customary resource management systems. These systems <strong>of</strong>tenprovide a tried <strong>and</strong> tested context <strong>and</strong> culture appropriate approach to water management,which helps diffuse/avoid conflict over water. Practitioners should build on these benefits ratherthan import new systems external to the pastoral context. Therefore, ensuring that customaryinstitutions are represented on the above committees 64 (especially for new water points) isimportant to make sure that all needs <strong>and</strong> concerns are taken on board <strong>and</strong> to maximize benefitfrom indigenous knowledge.• To avoid misuse <strong>of</strong> the water point it is imperative that the water management committeeshould be seen by the wider community as a credible entity which represents all user groups,including pastoralists <strong>and</strong> non-pastoralists as well as vulnerable groups <strong>and</strong> women. Thiscommittee should also be expected to report on progress to the wider community <strong>and</strong> to localgovernment.2) Implementation• Encourage the use <strong>of</strong> traditional systems designs for which local materials <strong>and</strong> constructionknow-how are available.• Take into consideration the technical capacity required to operate <strong>and</strong> maintain water points, aswell as spare part availability when choosing technologies. Especially in remote areas, access toexternal technical assistance, construction materials <strong>and</strong> spare parts may be limited.Training• Involve <strong>and</strong> train local community members (e.g. water management committee members <strong>and</strong>local artisans) in construction, management <strong>and</strong> maintenance to embed capacity at the locallevel.3) Sustainability64 A combination <strong>of</strong> formal management committees <strong>and</strong> customary institutions is recommended, as the latteron its own may not reflect the full constituency in an area <strong>and</strong> may not be representative <strong>of</strong> non-pastoralgroups (Muir, 2007),84
• Continue to assist communities to operate schemes for some time after project completion ifneeded.• Help communities prepare a plan outlining routine maintenance <strong>and</strong> repairs which should beaccepted <strong>and</strong> followed.• The water management committee should report to the community <strong>and</strong> possibly to localgovernment technical bureaus.• Promote <strong>and</strong> enhance linkages between communities, local government <strong>and</strong> the private sectorso that potential challenges related to water point operation <strong>and</strong> maintenance can be overcome.Preferably facilitate agreements with technical bureaus <strong>and</strong> the private sector to assist shouldmajor interventions (maintenance, etc.) be needed in the future.• Conduct external evaluations <strong>of</strong> projects to track progress <strong>and</strong> monitor impacts.RecommendationsCommon PracticeDevelop water points based on technological <strong>and</strong> geomorphological considerations to meetimmediate water shortages <strong>and</strong> dem<strong>and</strong>.Potential OutcomesDem<strong>and</strong> for water met, <strong>and</strong> human lives <strong>and</strong>livelihoods protected.Unforeseen negative consequences despitewell-intentioned development includingrangel<strong>and</strong> degradation, conflict, <strong>and</strong>increased vulnerability (for example,increased incidence <strong>of</strong> disease due to highconcentrations <strong>of</strong> livestock for protractedperiods <strong>of</strong> time).Recommendations • As ‘good’ <strong>and</strong> poor’ practice in relation to impact on livelihoods is hardly measured ordocumented, promote the use <strong>of</strong> impact assessments such as those used underUSAID’s PLI program to measure the impact <strong>of</strong> water developments on livelihoods<strong>and</strong> learn from documented ‘good’ <strong>and</strong> ‘poor’ experiences. This is currently a majorgap in practice <strong>and</strong> applies across the board from development <strong>and</strong> humanitarianagencies to local NGOs <strong>and</strong> government.• Thoroughly underst<strong>and</strong> the local social, environmental, economic <strong>and</strong> political contextto inform planning.• Ensure that water is developed as part <strong>of</strong> a participatory rangel<strong>and</strong> developmentsystem/process, with a prerequisite in-depth analysis <strong>of</strong> broader political, institutional<strong>and</strong> funding priorities to inform this process.• Develop common guidelines for water development in the pastoral context, flexibleenough to allow for context specific planning. Streamline the use <strong>of</strong> these guidelinesthrough existing coordination fora dealing with development <strong>and</strong> emergencyinterventions in pastoral regions.85
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Synthesis
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TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF ACRONYMS..
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSI would like to exte
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LIST OF ACRONYMSACDI/VOCAACFAFDCDDC
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYWater development
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understanding <str
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Agreed upon guidelines for water de
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• Make better use of</str
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to inform their own work an
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Within pastoral areas, it is recogn
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Section 2. Overview of</str
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Dohrn, 2006). Spatially variable ra
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The following broad overview touche
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In areas of adequa
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observed response was for individua
Page 33 and 34: Specific to water development, seve
Page 35 and 36: Section 3. Water development todayT
Page 37 and 38: Eliciting payments for water from l
Page 39 and 40: ureaus 25 . The ministry’s interv
Page 41 and 42: National policy paints a conflictin
Page 43 and 44: will be given to pastoralists to en
Page 45 and 46: Water supplyGovernance and<
Page 47 and 48: vulnerable to conversion for other
Page 49 and 50: • Agro-pastoralists’ priorities
Page 51 and 52: Although the WSDP principles are se
Page 53 and 54: The Universal Access ProgramThe Uni
Page 55 and 56: • Help ensure that public works d
Page 57 and 58: However, the development model for
Page 59 and 60: Figure 4: Proposed pilot la
Page 61 and 62: Many international and</str
Page 63 and 64: Furthermore, attention is given to
Page 65 and 66: CARE International, under the GWI,
Page 67: and traditional me
Page 70 and 71: • Understand exi
Page 72 and 73: 4.2 Key observations in the water d
Page 74 and 75: epresent a firm attempt to preserve
Page 76 and 77: learning from NGO experiences in Bo
Page 78 and 79: However, there are currently no spe
Page 80 and 81: 4.3 Conclusion, ways forward <stron
Page 82 and 83: In sum, pastoralism as a livelihood
Page 86 and 87: • Promote effective participation
Page 88 and 89: Gebre-Mariam, A. (1982). Organizati
Page 90: Schimann P. and Ph
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