Synthesis of Existing Knowledge and Experience on the Provision of ...

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Irrigation potential may be higher than the figure stated if groundwater resources are explored <strong>and</strong>tapped. A recent presentation made by the Oromia Water Works Design <strong>and</strong> SupervisionEnterprise states that “extensive l<strong>and</strong> resources are suitable for different agricultural activities ifproblems related to water <strong>and</strong> moisture deficits are addressed” in lowl<strong>and</strong> areas. “Water resourceevaluation works undertaken in three areas <strong>of</strong> the region have proved the presence <strong>of</strong> large regionalaquifers that can be used to irrigate millions <strong>of</strong> hectares <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong>” (Taye Alemayehu, personalcommunication. 2009).Pastoral rangel<strong>and</strong> developmentSocio-economic studies <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong> use plans (final drafts <strong>of</strong> which have been completed) will inform<strong>and</strong> guide the implementation process. Community consultations will be held to introduce <strong>and</strong>discuss l<strong>and</strong> use plans (completed in Borana <strong>and</strong> Hararge). Based on these consultations, area baseddevelopment programs will be drafted, which represent more focused context-specific developmentplanning. These area based development plans will be “based on l<strong>and</strong> use study findings, communityneeds, stakeholder contributions, <strong>and</strong> other country experiences.”L<strong>and</strong> use plans have been completed for 10 sub-basins across Borana, <strong>and</strong> East <strong>and</strong> West HarargeZone. For the pastoral lowl<strong>and</strong>s in Borana, l<strong>and</strong> use planning revealed that 2 <strong>of</strong> the 3 basins includedin the Plan are most suited for livestock production 37 , where it is recognized that dry season grazingareas are vital for pastoral livelihoods (Taye Alemayehu, personal communication, 2009).A major necessity identified for developing pastoral areas is the revision <strong>of</strong> pastoral l<strong>and</strong> holdingsystems. Because l<strong>and</strong> use plans once finalized will result in the gazetting <strong>of</strong> areas for particular l<strong>and</strong>uses, ‘fuzzy’ communal ownership must be replaced by defined individual or communal ownership.The planned multiple uses <strong>of</strong> the lowl<strong>and</strong>s will also be beyond the capacity <strong>of</strong> traditional pastoralinstitutions to manage (Taye Alemayehu, personal communication, 2009).According to the Pilot Phase L<strong>and</strong> Use Implementation Plan Document (2009), rangel<strong>and</strong>development will focus on:• Improving rangel<strong>and</strong> productivity, <strong>and</strong> in turn livestock production. Rangel<strong>and</strong> carrying capacitiesare to be identified <strong>and</strong> a more settled form <strong>of</strong> livestock production envisioned in the long term;• Enhancing research <strong>and</strong> studies on rangel<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> livestock resource productivity;• Introducing <strong>and</strong> testing improved range management technologies. Rangel<strong>and</strong> management willbuild on current best practice in this field (including the Pastoral Livelihood Initiative’s (PLI)successful controlled burning interventions to combat bush encroachment) <strong>and</strong> will incorporatelessons from the PCDP (Taye Alemayehu, personal communication, 2009). There is also a planto formalize the involvement <strong>of</strong> Gada institutions in rangel<strong>and</strong> management, but how this will bedone has not yet been established (Ibid).• Improving water supply schemes <strong>and</strong> ensuring even distribution as per rangel<strong>and</strong> conditions.Two pilot areas are selected for the implementation <strong>of</strong> the rangel<strong>and</strong> management approach(pending funding), one in Yabello, in Ade Gelchat, <strong>and</strong> the other in Magado, in Dire District (Figure4). Implementation begins when water development has been completed. So far, 32% <strong>of</strong> the watersupply scheme has been completed for the pilot areas in Borana Zone. Lessons from the pilot willset norms <strong>and</strong> st<strong>and</strong>ards for full implementation.37 This is possibly the first time that a government program recognizes that livestock production is moresuitable than crop production in certain areas.58
Figure 4: Proposed pilot l<strong>and</strong> use plan implementation areas in Borana Zone 38Overall planning is conducted at expert level within government. However, it is noted thatcommunity participation is necessary to ensure the sustainability <strong>of</strong> the development endeavour. TheL<strong>and</strong> Use Guided Valley Development Program (2009) indicates that “community has to participatein implementation, monitoring <strong>and</strong> evaluation <strong>of</strong> projects to be implemented under the programstarting from project identification <strong>and</strong> preparation. Since the community at the grass root is theprimary beneficiaries <strong>of</strong> the program/projects they need to make their contributions toimplementation <strong>of</strong> the projects in labour <strong>and</strong>/or cash as per their current background.” To helpcoordinate community participation, a Community Coordination Committee is planned, comprisingall social groups among beneficiary communities, to include elders, women, youth <strong>and</strong> the variousvillage structures.It is assumed that communities will contribute to program implementation <strong>and</strong> display a “readinessto benefit from the development interventions undertaken.” Risks associated with the programinclude a lack <strong>of</strong> full community participation, conflict <strong>of</strong> interest in the proposed project areas, lack<strong>of</strong> support by stakeholders, <strong>and</strong> weak implementation capacity (L<strong>and</strong> Use Guided ValleyDevelopment Program, 2009).For the Pilot Phase <strong>of</strong> the L<strong>and</strong> Use Implementation Plan (2009), a basic assumption is thatpastoralists can be persuaded to accept the concept <strong>of</strong> “modern rangel<strong>and</strong> management”. It isrecognized here that potential disagreement could arise over the plan to promote the privatization<strong>of</strong> the rangel<strong>and</strong>s to accommodate the intended gazetting <strong>of</strong> different areas as per their assigned l<strong>and</strong>uses, therefore intensive “awareness raising” is planned prior to implementation.Tragedy <strong>of</strong> the commons thinking is also clearly still in evidence, where a risk highlighted for planimplementation is that “the tragedy <strong>of</strong> the commons could occur in course <strong>of</strong> the implementation <strong>of</strong>the plan, especially on herd management vis-à-vis the carrying capacity <strong>of</strong> the pasturel<strong>and</strong>.”38 Provided by the Oromia Water Works Design <strong>and</strong> Supervision Enterprise59
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Synthesis
Page 4 and 5:
TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF ACRONYMS..
Page 6 and 7:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSI would like to exte
Page 8 and 9: LIST OF ACRONYMSACDI/VOCAACFAFDCDDC
Page 10 and 11: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYWater development
Page 12 and 13: understanding <str
Page 14 and 15: Agreed upon guidelines for water de
Page 16 and 17: • Make better use of</str
Page 18 and 19: to inform their own work an
Page 20 and 21: Within pastoral areas, it is recogn
Page 23 and 24: Section 2. Overview of</str
Page 25 and 26: Dohrn, 2006). Spatially variable ra
Page 27 and 28: The following broad overview touche
Page 29 and 30: In areas of adequa
Page 31 and 32: observed response was for individua
Page 33 and 34: Specific to water development, seve
Page 35 and 36: Section 3. Water development todayT
Page 37 and 38: Eliciting payments for water from l
Page 39 and 40: ureaus 25 . The ministry’s interv
Page 41 and 42: National policy paints a conflictin
Page 43 and 44: will be given to pastoralists to en
Page 45 and 46: Water supplyGovernance and<
Page 47 and 48: vulnerable to conversion for other
Page 49 and 50: • Agro-pastoralists’ priorities
Page 51 and 52: Although the WSDP principles are se
Page 53 and 54: The Universal Access ProgramThe Uni
Page 55 and 56: • Help ensure that public works d
Page 57: However, the development model for
Page 61 and 62: Many international and</str
Page 63 and 64: Furthermore, attention is given to
Page 65 and 66: CARE International, under the GWI,
Page 67: and traditional me
Page 70 and 71: • Understand exi
Page 72 and 73: 4.2 Key observations in the water d
Page 74 and 75: epresent a firm attempt to preserve
Page 76 and 77: learning from NGO experiences in Bo
Page 78 and 79: However, there are currently no spe
Page 80 and 81: 4.3 Conclusion, ways forward <stron
Page 82 and 83: In sum, pastoralism as a livelihood
Page 84 and 85: • Water interventions selected sh
Page 86 and 87: • Promote effective participation
Page 88 and 89: Gebre-Mariam, A. (1982). Organizati
Page 90: Schimann P. and Ph
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