Synthesis of Existing Knowledge and Experience on the Provision of ...

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The mid-term evaluation for the project highlights that 44 :• Opening up pasture by strategically constructing water points carries the risk <strong>of</strong> permanentsettlement <strong>and</strong> the conversion <strong>of</strong> rangel<strong>and</strong>s for farming purposes, <strong>and</strong> therefore must be verycarefully planned.• Very little can be said to date about the direct <strong>and</strong> indirect impacts <strong>of</strong> water developments onlivelihoods, as impacts on livelihoods are not monitored. More attention is needed on themanagement <strong>and</strong> quality <strong>of</strong> the rangel<strong>and</strong>s.• A large number <strong>of</strong> water points are non-functional. For example 60% <strong>of</strong> Somali region’s birkadoare damaged <strong>and</strong> unused, calling into question whether building new birkado is justifiable versusrehabilitating existing structures 45 .• Constructing water pans by mechanical means to collect surface water is costly <strong>and</strong> when notdone properly leads to structural damage. However, alternatives to machine dug pans have notbeen considered.• Water User Associations, which require cash contributions especially for motorized systems,are very <strong>of</strong>ten unsustainable. “The management by associations in rural areas has failed almosteverywhere,” <strong>and</strong> therefore the organization <strong>of</strong> water point management should be decided bycommunities themselves if management is to be sustainable (Schimann <strong>and</strong> Philpott, 2007: 10).• External support should be limited to technical input <strong>and</strong> providing financial facilities to covercosts exceeding the immediate capacity <strong>of</strong> the community (Schimann <strong>and</strong> Philpott, 2007: 10).• Observed water point designs were <strong>of</strong>ten inappropriate <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> poor quality, suggesting a lack <strong>of</strong>technical skill. Furthermore, st<strong>and</strong>ard technical designs were rarely adapted or adjusted to suitthe local context (Schimann <strong>and</strong> Philpott, 2007:11).The Global Water Initiative (GWI)Some projects focus specifically on water development as a means <strong>of</strong> improving livelihoods. TheGlobal Water Initiative (GWI) 46 , initiated in 2007 <strong>and</strong> funded by the Howard G. Buffet Foundation, isone such example. CARE International, a partner supporting the production <strong>of</strong> this review, is leadingthe consortium for GWI implementation in Ethiopia, which is being implemented in the Borana zone<strong>of</strong> Oromia region 47 . Alongside the PLI <strong>and</strong> the ECHO program, it is another example <strong>of</strong> bringingtogether NGOs to harmonize approaches <strong>and</strong> increase effectiveness. The main objective under thisproject is to ensure that vulnerable populations have reliable access to clean water withoutcompromising dignity, rights, culture <strong>and</strong> the natural environment (GWI interim report, 2008). Italso aims to empower local people to manage water <strong>and</strong> therefore emphasizes capacity building <strong>and</strong>the ‘s<strong>of</strong>tware’ aspects <strong>of</strong> water schemes, as well as promotes water for multiple uses (for humanconsumption, livestock <strong>and</strong> small scale irrigation). In its first phase the project concentrated onrehabilitating existing water points (wells, ponds, boreholes, etc.) <strong>and</strong> up to 2011 it will alsoconstruct water schemes.44 From Schimann <strong>and</strong> Philpott (2007)45 This hinges on the quality <strong>of</strong> the original water point.46 Implemented by a consortium comprised <strong>of</strong> CARE International, Oxfam US <strong>and</strong> Catholic Relief Services(CRS) along with local NGOs in Ethiopia.47 Also in the Rift Valley, but this is not a pastoral area <strong>and</strong> therefore outside the scope <strong>of</strong> this report.64
CARE International, under the GWI, has also developed guidelines to ensure conflict sensitiveplanning. This is a how-to guide for practitioners to recognize <strong>and</strong> avoid water-triggered conflict(Demeke, 2008).An Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) strategy has been developed under theinitiative, which highlights key areas on which to focus. Key points <strong>and</strong> the extent to which thestrategy has influenced practice are highlighted in the table below:Table 5: CARE’s IWRM Strategy <strong>and</strong> degree to which the strategy has influenced practice.CARE’s Integrated Water ResourceManagement Strategy 48• Water interventions must becontextualized within thebroader l<strong>and</strong>scape so as to leadto sustainable pasture <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong>use. A zonal or higher levelcustomary body should beidentified which can advise onwater <strong>and</strong> pasture interventions.In the absence <strong>of</strong> such a body, orwhere capacity still needs to bestrengthened, practitionersmust underst<strong>and</strong> local levelcustomary ways <strong>of</strong> doing things,including how rangel<strong>and</strong>s aretraditionally managed, beforeany interventions take place.• The right scale <strong>of</strong> interventionneeds to be identified (clan area,woreda unit, kebele unit, zonalunit, etc.) <strong>and</strong> who should beinvolved in planning, negotiating<strong>and</strong> managing resources at thatscale.• The initiative should workthrough a local woreda levelmulti-stakeholder forum. Thisforum, which should involvecommunity, local government<strong>and</strong> NGOs, needs to beestablished <strong>and</strong> should besupported by CARE. The forumshould assume responsibility forimplementation, monitoring <strong>and</strong>follow up <strong>of</strong> interventions underthe initiative. GIS mapping <strong>of</strong>water points <strong>and</strong> local physicalfeatures should be supported bythe forum to aid in the planningprocess, <strong>and</strong> findings shared withthe customary body identifiedabove.Some examples <strong>of</strong> the extent to which the strategy hasinfluenced practice• CARE facilitates the identification <strong>and</strong> selection <strong>of</strong> sites forwater development as well as target beneficiaries throughparticipatory planning, which involves representatives <strong>and</strong>leaders <strong>of</strong> customary institutions, local government sector<strong>of</strong>fices, <strong>and</strong> women from the community.• CARE <strong>and</strong> program partners have established <strong>and</strong> aresupporting the Woreda development coordinationcommittee, a community based participatory monitoringgroup, <strong>and</strong> a Woreda learning alliance group. The Woredadevelopment coordination committee was establishedto ensure the active involvement <strong>of</strong> communities <strong>and</strong> localgovernment in planning <strong>and</strong> monitoring <strong>of</strong> interventions, <strong>and</strong>includes community representatives (includingrepresentatives <strong>of</strong> customary institutions <strong>and</strong> women),representatives from local government sector <strong>of</strong>fices <strong>and</strong>NGOs working locally. To date, the committee has activelyparticipated in <strong>and</strong> facilitated participatory monitoringsessions during the pilot phase <strong>of</strong> the GWI to reviewimplementation progress <strong>of</strong> the pilot. This committee hasalso facilitated the identification <strong>and</strong> prioritization <strong>of</strong>interventions <strong>and</strong> target groups for the longer term portion<strong>of</strong> the GWI initiative. The community basedparticipatory monitoring group was established toensure representative participation <strong>of</strong> all social groups withina community. This group is expected to lead in planning <strong>and</strong>monitoring, <strong>and</strong> comprises local leaders, leaders <strong>of</strong>customary pastoral institutions, elders <strong>and</strong> women. Thisgroup has helped identify <strong>and</strong> select intervention sites <strong>and</strong>target groups for the longer term portion <strong>of</strong> the GWI, incollaboration with local government sector representatives.A Woreda learning alliance was established to promotethe sharing <strong>of</strong> experience <strong>and</strong> best practice among projectpartners. This, in turn, is meant to promote a harmonizedapproach to development by the different actors. EngagingNGOs, community groups, <strong>and</strong> local government, CARE hascoordinated <strong>and</strong> facilitated three woreda learning alliancefora aiming to review the experiences <strong>of</strong> stakeholders inplanning, managing <strong>and</strong> monitoring implementation relevantto the IWRM strategy <strong>and</strong> the WASH program. Throughthese fora, partners were able to systematize <strong>and</strong> harmonizeprogram implementation approaches <strong>and</strong> have identifiedremaining gaps to be addressed, including the need for wider48 Adapted from Pankhurst (2009)65
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Synthesis
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TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF ACRONYMS..
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSI would like to exte
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LIST OF ACRONYMSACDI/VOCAACFAFDCDDC
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYWater development
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understanding <str
Page 14 and 15: Agreed upon guidelines for water de
Page 16 and 17: • Make better use of</str
Page 18 and 19: to inform their own work an
Page 20 and 21: Within pastoral areas, it is recogn
Page 23 and 24: Section 2. Overview of</str
Page 25 and 26: Dohrn, 2006). Spatially variable ra
Page 27 and 28: The following broad overview touche
Page 29 and 30: In areas of adequa
Page 31 and 32: observed response was for individua
Page 33 and 34: Specific to water development, seve
Page 35 and 36: Section 3. Water development todayT
Page 37 and 38: Eliciting payments for water from l
Page 39 and 40: ureaus 25 . The ministry’s interv
Page 41 and 42: National policy paints a conflictin
Page 43 and 44: will be given to pastoralists to en
Page 45 and 46: Water supplyGovernance and<
Page 47 and 48: vulnerable to conversion for other
Page 49 and 50: • Agro-pastoralists’ priorities
Page 51 and 52: Although the WSDP principles are se
Page 53 and 54: The Universal Access ProgramThe Uni
Page 55 and 56: • Help ensure that public works d
Page 57 and 58: However, the development model for
Page 59 and 60: Figure 4: Proposed pilot la
Page 61 and 62: Many international and</str
Page 63: Furthermore, attention is given to
Page 67: and traditional me
Page 70 and 71: • Understand exi
Page 72 and 73: 4.2 Key observations in the water d
Page 74 and 75: epresent a firm attempt to preserve
Page 76 and 77: learning from NGO experiences in Bo
Page 78 and 79: However, there are currently no spe
Page 80 and 81: 4.3 Conclusion, ways forward <stron
Page 82 and 83: In sum, pastoralism as a livelihood
Page 84 and 85: • Water interventions selected sh
Page 86 and 87: • Promote effective participation
Page 88 and 89: Gebre-Mariam, A. (1982). Organizati
Page 90: Schimann P. and Ph
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