Synthesis of Existing Knowledge and Experience on the Provision of ...

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learning from NGO experiences in Borana, such as the PLI’s experience with controlled burning <strong>of</strong>the rangel<strong>and</strong>s.On the humanitarian front, dialogue between major humanitarian donors such as the HumanitarianResponse Fund (HRF) under UN-OCHA <strong>and</strong> the Office <strong>of</strong> U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA)under USAID is occurring for the first time, acknowledging the need for better coordination. Thereis also interest among humanitarian donors to improve the effectiveness <strong>of</strong> emergency interventionsby tapping into the experience <strong>of</strong> development programs. For example UN-OCHA’s HumanitarianRelief Fund is looking into collaborating with Tufts University to produce impact assessments forHRF’s emergency interventions, such as those produced under USAID’s PLI program, to help gaugethe impact <strong>of</strong> emergency relief on livelihoods, identify weaknesses <strong>and</strong> improve practice.Water development guidelinesCommon, agreed upon guidelines for water development in pastoral areas do not exist in Ethiopia.This frustrates moves towards streamlining practice in the water development arena. However,there are a number <strong>of</strong> existing guidelines on water, participatory mapping <strong>and</strong> conflict sensitiveplanning. These may prove useful as a foundation on which to build a broadly applicable set <strong>of</strong>guidelines for water development for productive use, which are versatile enough to allow contextspecific planning in pastoral rangel<strong>and</strong>s. These include:• Implementation guidelines for water supply, sanitation <strong>and</strong> hygiene projects in pastoral areas(Giovannetti, 2006). Developed by the MoWR, these guidelines are meant to guide the PCDP’s<strong>and</strong> WSSP’s water interventions for domestic use, but provisions are also made for livestockwatering.• National guidelines for livestock relief interventions in pastoralist areas <strong>of</strong> Ethiopia (MoARD,2008). Developed by the MoARD, this set <strong>of</strong> guidelines includes a subsection on emergencyprovision <strong>of</strong> water to livestock as well as guidelines on participatory natural resource mapping.• The Livestock Emergency Guidelines <strong>and</strong> St<strong>and</strong>ards (LEGS). This international set <strong>of</strong> guidelines,developed in 2009, includes a subsection on the minimum st<strong>and</strong>ards for the provision <strong>of</strong> water(Thorne, 2009).• The international humanitarian Sphere guidelines 57 , which include a section on water, sanitation<strong>and</strong> hygiene.• Guidelines for the development <strong>of</strong> small-scale rural water supply <strong>and</strong> sanitation projects in EastAfrica. This set <strong>of</strong> guidelines was funded by USAID <strong>and</strong> produced by Catholic Relief Services(Warner <strong>and</strong> Abate, 2005).• Introductory volume <strong>and</strong> guidelines on participatory rangel<strong>and</strong> management, lead by SC-US <strong>and</strong>the ELSE/ELMT Technical Working Group. These documents present a process <strong>of</strong> participatoryrangel<strong>and</strong> management built upon the success <strong>of</strong> participatory forest management, so providing aframework for community-led l<strong>and</strong> use planning <strong>and</strong> resource management in pastoral areas(Flintan <strong>and</strong> Cullis, forthcoming 2010; Irwin, Cullis <strong>and</strong> Flintan, forthcoming 2010).• Guidelines on participatory resource mapping, developed independently by the government’sPSNP <strong>and</strong> also by USAID’s PLI program. These can be used to help plan water developmentinterventions in a manner which is highly context specific. A published version <strong>of</strong> these guidelinesis being produced by SC-US as part <strong>of</strong> a series <strong>of</strong> guidelines for practitioners focussing onaspects <strong>of</strong> participatory rangel<strong>and</strong> management.57 Sphere Humanitarian Charter <strong>and</strong> Minimum St<strong>and</strong>ards in Disaster Response, seehttp://www.sphereproject.org/contect/view/27/84/lang,English/.76
• Guidelines for conflict sensitive programming, developed by CARE Ethiopia for pastoral areas inBorana zone, Oromia region under the GWI programme (Demeke, 2008). This set <strong>of</strong> guidelineshas relevance in multiple pastoral settings <strong>and</strong> can help inform water development planning.• Still under development are guidelines for the planning <strong>and</strong> implementation <strong>of</strong> the UAP. The factthat these guidelines are still being drafted presents an opportunity to incorporaterecommendations specific to pastoral areas.Responsibility for waterResponsibility for water is fragmented between different ministries <strong>and</strong> bureaus at federal <strong>and</strong>regional levels, depending on the intended use <strong>of</strong> the supplied water. For example water supply <strong>and</strong>large scale irrigation are the responsibility <strong>of</strong> the MoWR, while water for livestock <strong>and</strong> agriculture isunder the MoARD. At the same time, projects under the MoFA also deal with water development,as seen under the PCDP.At regional level, responsibility for water is also fragmented between different bureaus. Waterdevelopment is the responsibility <strong>of</strong> water bureaus <strong>and</strong> their associated <strong>of</strong>fices/desks at loweradministrative scales. Pastoral development more broadly (i.e. anything related to livelihoods, naturalresource management etc., which <strong>of</strong>ten entails water development as well) is the responsibility <strong>of</strong>dedicated pastoral commissions/bureaus <strong>and</strong> their associated <strong>of</strong>fices at lower administrative levels.Fragmented responsibility entrenches sectorally driven water interventions (water points for humansupply, water for agriculture, etc.) <strong>and</strong> it is not difficult to see that it poses a challenge to streamlined<strong>and</strong> coherent approaches to water development. In Oromia region, steps are being taken to addressthis sectoral disconnect (Box 14).Sectorally driven water development means that water points are developed for specific purposes;either for domestic consumption, livestock use, or for agriculture. However, pastoralists use waterfor multiple purposes, regardless <strong>of</strong> the intended purpose <strong>of</strong> the water point. This is beginning to berecognized by many practitioners who now <strong>of</strong>ten construct troughs intended for livestock wateringattached to water points intended for domestic use. Multiple use <strong>of</strong> water is also beginning to berecognized in federal plans <strong>and</strong> policies. The PASDEP mentions water for multiple uses <strong>and</strong> the UAPmakes brief mention <strong>of</strong> it albeit with little elaboration.Box 14: Platform for integrated water development, Oromia regionThe Oromia Pastoral Development Commission (OPDC) implements projects focused on pastoral livelihoods, <strong>of</strong>tenwith water delivery components. The water <strong>and</strong> agriculture sectoral bureaus plan <strong>and</strong> implement water supply <strong>and</strong>irrigation projects in both pastoral <strong>and</strong> highl<strong>and</strong> regions. In 2009, a structural amendment was made at regional level toallow for better coordination between the OPDC <strong>and</strong> the sectoral bureaus. A new board was created at the behest <strong>of</strong>the regional president <strong>and</strong> cabinet, to be hosted by the OPDC <strong>and</strong> to ensure that the strategies <strong>and</strong> interventions <strong>of</strong>sectoral bureaus are better suited to the pastoral context. Sectoral bureau representatives must present their intendeddevelopment plans for pastoral areas during board meetings <strong>and</strong> the task <strong>of</strong> the OPDC is to ensure that they considerrealities in the region’s lowl<strong>and</strong>s (Abebe Wolde, OPDC deputy commissioner, personal communication).CoordinationThe importance <strong>of</strong> coordination is not lost on government <strong>and</strong> the various development <strong>and</strong>humanitarian assistance actors in Ethiopia. Many coordination groups, fora, <strong>and</strong> consortia have beenestablished to promote communication <strong>and</strong> common approaches on a wide array <strong>of</strong> issues (Box 15).77
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Synthesis
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TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF ACRONYMS..
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSI would like to exte
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LIST OF ACRONYMSACDI/VOCAACFAFDCDDC
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYWater development
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understanding <str
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Agreed upon guidelines for water de
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• Make better use of</str
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to inform their own work an
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Within pastoral areas, it is recogn
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Section 2. Overview of</str
Page 25 and 26: Dohrn, 2006). Spatially variable ra
Page 27 and 28: The following broad overview touche
Page 29 and 30: In areas of adequa
Page 31 and 32: observed response was for individua
Page 33 and 34: Specific to water development, seve
Page 35 and 36: Section 3. Water development todayT
Page 37 and 38: Eliciting payments for water from l
Page 39 and 40: ureaus 25 . The ministry’s interv
Page 41 and 42: National policy paints a conflictin
Page 43 and 44: will be given to pastoralists to en
Page 45 and 46: Water supplyGovernance and<
Page 47 and 48: vulnerable to conversion for other
Page 49 and 50: • Agro-pastoralists’ priorities
Page 51 and 52: Although the WSDP principles are se
Page 53 and 54: The Universal Access ProgramThe Uni
Page 55 and 56: • Help ensure that public works d
Page 57 and 58: However, the development model for
Page 59 and 60: Figure 4: Proposed pilot la
Page 61 and 62: Many international and</str
Page 63 and 64: Furthermore, attention is given to
Page 65 and 66: CARE International, under the GWI,
Page 67: and traditional me
Page 70 and 71: • Understand exi
Page 72 and 73: 4.2 Key observations in the water d
Page 74 and 75: epresent a firm attempt to preserve
Page 78 and 79: However, there are currently no spe
Page 80 and 81: 4.3 Conclusion, ways forward <stron
Page 82 and 83: In sum, pastoralism as a livelihood
Page 84 and 85: • Water interventions selected sh
Page 86 and 87: • Promote effective participation
Page 88 and 89: Gebre-Mariam, A. (1982). Organizati
Page 90: Schimann P. and Ph
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