Synthesis of Existing Knowledge and Experience on the Provision of ...

• Help ensure that public works do not encroach on customary rights <strong>of</strong> access or use;• Support the resolution <strong>of</strong> issues regarding long-term ownership or management.Box 9: Use <strong>of</strong> Natural Resource <strong>and</strong> Socio Economic Mapping <strong>and</strong> Analysis in PSNP (from DraftGuidelines for the Implementation <strong>of</strong> the Productive Safety Net Program Pastoral Areas Pilot,Version 2, 2007: 52)A Development Agent (DA) will use simple mapping kits to bring on board local knowledge as brought to thetable by the planning team - comprised <strong>of</strong> the community leader at kebele level, four male headed householdsrepresenting different social groups, four female headed households representing different social groups, oneyouth representative, one religious representative, <strong>and</strong> others as required by the community.The process involves:• Marking obvious features on the ground, which could be the pastoral unit boundaries, roads, hill tops,rivers, settlements, etc.• Adding more detail to the map which includes the location <strong>of</strong> different natural resources such as pasture,water sources, agricultural l<strong>and</strong>, forest, etc. <strong>and</strong> any areas where degradation is observed. At this stage,features <strong>of</strong> traditional natural resource management should be marked, including customary l<strong>and</strong> divisionsfor grazing management, customary water management arrangements, <strong>and</strong> patterns <strong>of</strong> mobility (<strong>of</strong> bothlocal <strong>and</strong> visiting communities).• Identify <strong>and</strong> discuss any problems which exist in relation to mapped items, including natural resources,traditional systems, mobility, <strong>and</strong> conflict. Different maps can be produced to capture different aspects, forexample a map for natural resources, one for social services <strong>and</strong> one for mobility.• Jointly prioritize issues to be addressed, identify potential solutions <strong>and</strong> identify community/external (publicworks) actions which can rectify the problem.•Prioritized public works as identified through the above planning process should then be presented, discussed,amended <strong>and</strong> approved in a general assembly representing the wider community. Agreed upon public worksshould then be included in the kebele plan which is submitted to woreda level for approval. The kebele planshould include a short technical description <strong>of</strong> proposed projects, a list <strong>of</strong> intended activities, the number <strong>of</strong>participants in the implementation process <strong>and</strong> their levels <strong>of</strong> effort, requirements for technical <strong>and</strong>administrative input, <strong>and</strong> a maintenance plan for new infrastructure.The PSNP PAP Progress Report, published in 2008, identified some weaknesses in pilotimplementation, which include:• Overall delayed implementation <strong>and</strong> weak recruitment <strong>of</strong> necessary staff;• Training on implementation guidelines was incomplete;• Even though NGOs are on board there is need for better coordination;• Program activities were not sufficiently explained to communities in pilot woredas;• No information available whether regional government <strong>and</strong> NGOs have held appropriatediscussions with target communities to generate information regarding situation assessments inthe pilot woredas, or to decide on pilot options to suit local contexts.• Many <strong>of</strong> the planning activities had not yet been implemented <strong>and</strong> little information provided onprogress with regards to identifying beneficiaries or deciding which public works to carry out.• A change <strong>of</strong> PSNP staff occurred in Somali region with limited awareness <strong>and</strong> underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong>pilot objectives.• No <strong>of</strong>ficial reports had been submitted either by government or by NGOs related to progresson training implemented <strong>and</strong> pilot options.• Weak coordination <strong>and</strong> information sharing between regional government <strong>and</strong> NGOs, <strong>and</strong> nocoordination mechanisms in place in pastoral regions.A final assessment <strong>of</strong> the pilot phase is currently being undertaken. However, there is pressure toimplement the next phase <strong>of</strong> the PSNP (current phase ended in 2009), <strong>and</strong> Government plans to rollout the PSNP PAP in 2010. In turn there is a risk that lessons from the final assessment may not befully integrated into the planning <strong>and</strong> roll-out <strong>of</strong> the full PSNP for pastoral areas. Therefore lesson55