Synthesis of Existing Knowledge and Experience on the Provision of ...

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• Promote effective participation through the involvement <strong>of</strong> recognized institutions orgroups representative <strong>of</strong> local communities. These groups or institutions may exist(customary institutions, water user associations, pastoral associations) or may stillneed to be established. For example, customary institutions may not represent alllivelihood groups in a given area (Muir, 2007), <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten do not represent the needs<strong>and</strong> views <strong>of</strong> women, while water user associations may not sufficiently representpastoral needs <strong>and</strong> concerns <strong>and</strong> generally do not incorporate or build upon existingnatural resource management strategies. Furthermore, existing institutions haveevolved with time, including traditional pastoral institutions. This change must beacknowledged <strong>and</strong> the nature <strong>of</strong> the change carefully documented to help identifyinstitutional strengths <strong>and</strong> weaknesses, <strong>and</strong> to establish modalities <strong>of</strong> engagement withthese institutions. To date, the role <strong>of</strong> customary institutions is poorly researched inEthiopia <strong>and</strong> development practitioners <strong>of</strong>ten view these institutions as fossilizedentities retaining a set <strong>of</strong> characteristics described in historical texts. This is no longerthe case, as pastoral customary institutions have changed with time in response tochanging circumstances. Establishing new groups or adjusting the configuration <strong>of</strong>existing groups may thus become necessary.• Simultaneously address other development needs in the rangel<strong>and</strong>s besides the needfor water (e.g. human <strong>and</strong> livestock health <strong>and</strong> access to markets) to effectivelyaddress vulnerability <strong>and</strong> poverty long-term.• Make better use <strong>of</strong> existing research to inform water development planning <strong>and</strong>implementation <strong>and</strong> promote knowledge sharing between practitioners <strong>and</strong> projects.This can be done through establishing learning <strong>and</strong> practice alliances.• Create an enabling environment where local groups representative <strong>of</strong> water users in agiven area have the capacity <strong>and</strong> authority to construct, operate, manage, <strong>and</strong> maintainwater points, effectively making them implementers rather than merely recipients <strong>of</strong>development.• Promote the consortium approach to water development among development <strong>and</strong>humanitarian practitioners. This approach can help harmonize activities <strong>and</strong> has beenviewed favourably by agencies in the water development sector in Ethiopia.Alternatively, link development <strong>and</strong> humanitarian practitioners to existing (orpotential) technical working groups that h<strong>and</strong>le water issues, such as the NaturalResources Management Technical Working Group.86
REFERENCESAbdulahi, M., Adenew, B. (2007). Research <strong>and</strong> advocacy on l<strong>and</strong> use right <strong>and</strong> tenure systems inpastoral areas <strong>of</strong> Ethiopia (final draft). Pastoralist Concern Association <strong>of</strong> Ethiopia (PCAE).Afar Regional State (2009). Draft Rural L<strong>and</strong> Administration <strong>and</strong> Use Proclamation. Federal Republic<strong>of</strong> Ethiopia.Behnke R., Kerven C., Teshome A. (2008). Evaluation <strong>of</strong> USAID pastoral development projects inEthiopia, final report. Odessa Centre Ltd., UK for USAID.Bassi, M. (2005). Decisions in the Shade: Political <strong>and</strong> juridical processes among the Oromo-Borana.Trenton: Red Sea Press.Behnke, R. (1994) ‘Natural Resource Management in Pastoral Africa’, Development Policy Review, vol.12, 5–27. Overseas Development Institute.Belayhun, M. (2009). <strong>Synthesis</strong> <strong>of</strong> existing knowledge <strong>and</strong> experience on the provision <strong>of</strong> watersupplies – with a focus on productive water – to pastoral communities in Ethiopia: The case <strong>of</strong> Afar<strong>and</strong> Somali Regions. Unpublished.Beyene, F. <strong>and</strong> B. Korf. 2008. Unmaking the commons: Collective action, property rights, <strong>and</strong>resource appropriation in Somali region, Ethiopia. CAPRi Working Paper 88. Washington, D.C.:International Food Policy Research Institute.Coppock D Layne (ed.). 1994. The Borana Plateau <strong>of</strong> Southern Ethiopia: <strong>Synthesis</strong> <strong>of</strong> pastoral research,development <strong>and</strong> change, 1980-91. ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa), Addis Ababa,Ethiopia. 393 pp.Demeke, F. (2008). Guideline for conflict sensitive programming (zero draft). For the Running DryInitiative: Empowering poor people to manage water in arid <strong>and</strong> semi-arid l<strong>and</strong>s. CARE Ethiopia.Desta S, Berhanu W, Gebru G, Amosha D (2008). Pastoral Dropout Study in Selected Woredas <strong>of</strong>Borana Zone Oromia Regional State. Care International Ethiopia.Devereux, S. (2006) Vulnerable Livelihoods in Somali Region, Ethiopia. Research Report 57, Institute<strong>of</strong> Development Studies (IDS).Elias, E. (2008). Pastoralists in Southern Ethiopia: Dispossession, access to resources <strong>and</strong> dialoguewith policy makers. Dryl<strong>and</strong>s Coordination Group Report No. 53.Ethiopia Productive Safety Net Programme (2008). Pastoral Pilot ProgressFaal, J., Nicol, A., <strong>and</strong> Tucker, J. (2009) Multiple-use Water Services (MUS): Cost-effective waterinvestments to reduce poverty <strong>and</strong> address all the MDGs, RiPPLE Policy Brief 1. RiPPLE: AddisAbaba, Ethiopia.Federal Republic <strong>of</strong> Ethiopia (2007). Summary <strong>and</strong> Statistical Report <strong>of</strong> the 2007 Population <strong>and</strong>Housing Census. Population Census Commission.Flintan, F. <strong>and</strong> A. Cullis (forthcoming 2010). Introductory Guidelines to Participatory Rangel<strong>and</strong>Management in Pastoral Areas. Save the Children/US, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Fuller, N. (ed.) (1999) Managing Mobility in African Rangel<strong>and</strong>s: The Legitimization <strong>of</strong> Transhumance.London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
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Synthesis
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TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF ACRONYMS..
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSI would like to exte
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LIST OF ACRONYMSACDI/VOCAACFAFDCDDC
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYWater development
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understanding <str
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Agreed upon guidelines for water de
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• Make better use of</str
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to inform their own work an
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Within pastoral areas, it is recogn
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Section 2. Overview of</str
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Dohrn, 2006). Spatially variable ra
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The following broad overview touche
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In areas of adequa
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observed response was for individua
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Specific to water development, seve
Page 35 and 36: Section 3. Water development todayT
Page 37 and 38: Eliciting payments for water from l
Page 39 and 40: ureaus 25 . The ministry’s interv
Page 41 and 42: National policy paints a conflictin
Page 43 and 44: will be given to pastoralists to en
Page 45 and 46: Water supplyGovernance and<
Page 47 and 48: vulnerable to conversion for other
Page 49 and 50: • Agro-pastoralists’ priorities
Page 51 and 52: Although the WSDP principles are se
Page 53 and 54: The Universal Access ProgramThe Uni
Page 55 and 56: • Help ensure that public works d
Page 57 and 58: However, the development model for
Page 59 and 60: Figure 4: Proposed pilot la
Page 61 and 62: Many international and</str
Page 63 and 64: Furthermore, attention is given to
Page 65 and 66: CARE International, under the GWI,
Page 67: and traditional me
Page 70 and 71: • Understand exi
Page 72 and 73: 4.2 Key observations in the water d
Page 74 and 75: epresent a firm attempt to preserve
Page 76 and 77: learning from NGO experiences in Bo
Page 78 and 79: However, there are currently no spe
Page 80 and 81: 4.3 Conclusion, ways forward <stron
Page 82 and 83: In sum, pastoralism as a livelihood
Page 84 and 85: • Water interventions selected sh
Page 88 and 89: Gebre-Mariam, A. (1982). Organizati
Page 90: Schimann P. and Ph
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