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Review Articleworks provided they are not his own works but the gifts of Christand the fruits of regeneration. For they say that Paul so spoke forno other reason than to convince the Jews, who were relying upontheir own strength, that they were fool ish to arrogate righteousnessto themselves, since the Spirit of Christ alone bestows it upon usnot through any effort arising from our own nature. Still they donot observe that in the contrast between the righteousness of thelaw and of the gospel, which Paul elsewhere introduces, all worksare excluded, whatever title may grace them [Gal. 3: 11-12]....Moreover, we shall see afterward, in its proper place, that thebenefits of Christ-sanctification and righteousness-are different.From this it follows that not even spiritual works come intoaccount when the powerofjustifying is ascribed to faith (Institutes,3.11.13, 14~ McNeill, Battles edition).There is no doctrine ofjustification that is "an intermediateposition between Luther and the medieval tradition." There aretwo positions onjustification, and two only. Eitherone isjustifiedby faith alone with Christ's righteousness, which righteousnessconsists ofthe obedience ofChrist in His earthly ministry oflivingand dying in the stead of His elect church, or one vainly attemptsto be justified by faith and works with a righteousness that is amongrel-mix ofthe obedience ofChrist and one's own obedience.Calvin never taught justification by faith and works. ButLillback likes to find this doctrine in Calvin. The reason is thatLillback, though he is a Presbyterian anda professorat WestminsterTheological Seminary, himselfholds this heretical doctrine. Andhe holds it as part-and-parcel of his doctrine of a conditional,breakable covenant, which we shall henceforth call a "covenant ofgrace and works" to distinguish it from the covenant of grace.Lillback's theology ofa covenant ofgrace and works accompaniedby a doctrine ofjustification by faith and faith'5 works isnot an isolated phenomenon in the Reformed churches. It is partofa widespread movement now surfacing in reputedly conservativeReformed and Presbyterian churches. The movement is advancedby prominent Reformed and Presbyterian theologians.The movement intends to introduce justification by faith andworks on the wings of a doctrine of a conditional, breakableNovember, 2001 57