WASTE MANAGEMENT IN LEATHER INDUSTRY

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30Table 4.1 Major, Moderate and Potential Hazard in Leather IndustryHigh Potential Hazard GroupAcetic Acid Ammonia Calcium Hydroxide Formaldehyde Formic acid Glutaraldehydehydrocloric acidHydrogen peroxide Oxalic acid Sodium chlorite Sodium hydroxide(caustic soda)Sulphuric acid Sulfides andHydrosulfidesModerate Potential Hazard GroupAluminium sulphate Amyl alcohol (as Benzyl alcohol Chromium salts Isoproply alcohol White spirit(as lacquerconstituents)lacquer constituents) (lacquer solvent)carbon black(trivalent) enzymes perchloroethtlenetolueneLow Potential Hazard GroupAlums Acetone Anbumen Ammonium chloride Ammonium sulphate Borax, boric acidCasein Calcium Chloride Castor oil china clay Ethanol (ethyl Fat liquorsFatsalcohol)Ferrous acetate Ferrous sulphate Gelatine Glues Lactic acid LanolineLecithin Oils Parafin Pigment dispersions Sequestering agents SiliconesSodium acetate Sodium bicarbonate Sodium citrate Sodium carbonate Sodium formate SodiummetabisulphateSodium nitrite Sodium phthalate Sodium sulphite Sodium thiosulphate Synthetic tannins TragacanthTitanium salts Vegetable tanning extracts Waves Wetting agents17
31CHARTER FIVE<strong>WASTE</strong> CHARACTERISTICSThe potential environmental impacts of tanning are significant. Compositeuntreated wastewater, amounting to 20- 80 cubic meters per metric ton (m³/ t) ofhide or skin, is turbid, colored, and foul smelling. It consists of acidic and alkalineliquors, with chromium levels of 100- 400 milligrams per liter (mg/ l); sulfidelevels of 200- 800 mg/l; nitrogen levels of 200- 1. 000 mg/ l; biochemical oxygendemand (BOD) levels of 900- 6. 000 mg/ l, usually ranging from 160 to 24. 000mg/ l; chemical oxygen demand (COD) ranging from 800 to 43. 000 mg/ l inseparate streams, with combined wastewater levels of 2. 400 to 14. 000 mg/ l;chloride ranging from 200 to 70. 000 mg/ l in individual streams and 5. 600 to 27.000 mg/ l in the combined stream; and high levels of fat. Suspended solids areusually half of chloride levels. Wastewater may also contain residues ofpesticides used to preserve hides during transport, as well as significant levels ofpathogens. Significant volumes of solid wastes are produced, includingtrimmings, degraded hide, and hair from the beamhouse processes. The solidwastes can represent up to 70 % of the wet weight of the original hides. Inaddition, large quantities of sludges are generated. Decaying organic materialproduces strong odors. Hydrogen sulfide is released during dehairing, andammonia is released in deliming. Air quality may be further degraded by releaseof solvent vapors from spray application, degreasing, and finishing (for example,dye application). [Tanning and Leather Finishing, (1998)]5.1 Pollutants in Tannery EffluentsThis research is given by M. Bosnic, J. Buljan and R. P. Daniels (2000), Insome instances, liquid waste is discharge into sewage systems (indirect discharge)where it undergoes full- scale treatment before being returned to the environmentvia surface water.18
Page 1 and 2: 1DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITYGRADUATE SCH
Page 4 and 5: 4ACKNOWLEDGMENTSI thank my advisor
Page 6 and 7: 6Keywords: Leather, treatment, tann
Page 8 and 9: 8toplanarak, bertaraf edilmektedir.
Page 10 and 11: 103.1.2.4 Draining, Samming, and Se
Page 12 and 13: 126.1 Mechanical Treatment….…
Page 14 and 15: 14CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTIONToday leat
Page 16 and 17: 163CHAPTER TWOLEATHER PRODUCTION2.1
Page 18 and 19: 18 5In year 2005, a total of 65 mil
Page 20 and 21: 20 73.1.1.2 Fleshing and Trimming(E
Page 22 and 23: 22 9specifically treated, however,
Page 24 and 25: 11 24weak alkalis (e. g. Sodium or
Page 26 and 27: 13 26Figure 3.1 An overview on the
Page 28 and 29: 15 284.1.3 (Wet) Finishing Chemical
Page 32 and 33: 32 19Where effluent is discharged d
Page 34 and 35: 34 21If the wastewater is to be dis
Page 36 and 37: 36 23In order to assess an effluent
Page 38 and 39: 25 382. The nitrogen released throu
Page 40 and 41: 27 40This bacteria conversion to hy
Page 42 and 43: 29 42Municipal and common treatment
Page 44 and 45: 31 445.1.11 Air Emissions(The Leath
Page 46 and 47: 33 46• Recover energy from the dr
Page 48 and 49: 35 48Coagulation and flocculation a
Page 50 and 51: 37 506.2.3 Facultative PondsPonds i
Page 52 and 53: 39 52whilst the sludge-water mixtur
Page 54 and 55: 4154Denitrification(2):6NO3 + 2 CH3
Page 56 and 57: 43 566.5 Environmentally Clean Tech
Page 58 and 59: 45 586.5.1 High Exhaustion(Blackman
Page 60 and 61: 47 60South America and France. [Off
Page 62 and 63: 62CHAPTER SEVENENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Page 64 and 65: 64CHAPTER EIGHTMASS BALANCE OF LEAT
Page 66 and 67: 53 66Table 8.1 Assumption for mass
Page 68 and 69: 55 68For this reason both possibili
Page 70 and 71: 57 70Table 8.3 Composition of flesh
Page 72 and 73: 59 72At the end of chrome tanning,
Page 74 and 75: 61 74collagen; 262water; 836collage
Page 76 and 77: 63 76shown in Annex II. A typical m
Page 78 and 79: 65 78collagen; 119Cr tannin; 12wate
Page 80 and 81:
67 80finishing is shown in Figures
Page 82 and 83:
82CHAPTER NINEFACILITIES9.1 Izmir M
Page 84 and 85:
71 84Secretariat of Customs, (dated
Page 86 and 87:
73 86The measured parameters of the
Page 88 and 89:
75 889.3 Company B9.3.1 History of
Page 90 and 91:
77 90in sulfur oxidation pond flow
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792Tablo 9.5 General information ab
Page 94 and 95:
81 94elevation and treatment proces
Page 96 and 97:
96CHAPTER TENCONCLUSIONNowadays, th
Page 98 and 99:
8598In both facilities, for the con
Page 100 and 101:
87100Langlais, R., J., Sayers, R.,
Page 102 and 103:
102APPENDICESAPPENDIX IRegulation o
Page 104 and 105:
91 104b) Small wastewater sources a
Page 106 and 107:
93 106CHAPTER TWOPrinciplesPrincipl
Page 108 and 109:
95 108b) Beverage industry sector;
Page 110 and 111:
97 110relevant administration takin
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112APPENDIX IIBEAMHOUSEBasis: salts
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114TANNINGPickling 50 % H2O 0. 55 m
Page 116 and 117:
116Washing 400 % H2O 0. 35 m³Retan
Page 118:
118solids 2. 0 kg 1. 7 kgTop spray
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WASTE MANAGEMENT IN LEATHER INDUSTRY

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