WASTE MANAGEMENT IN LEATHER INDUSTRY

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47 60South America and France. [Office for Official Publication of The EuropeanCommunities,(2003)]Figure 6.1 Chrome Recovery & Reuse PlantTanners in developing countries can reduce the pollution load by pursinglow waste technologies. This will, in effect reduce the amount of capitalinvestment that will be required in the treatment of effluent through a reductionin the size of facility needed. By limiting pollutants in the streams, thequantities of effluent treatment chemicals will be commensurately limited.Tanneries should also maximize their returns on residues from sludge and solidwaste; investigating the feasibility of extracting methane, saving hair forconversion into felt; turning waste split and untanned trimmings into gelatin;protein powders and collagen for sausage casings and medical and surgicalfilms; turning fleshing into glue, animal feed protein and fertilizers and tanned
48 61waste into leatherboard, filter media, non- wovens and other and uses. Bycommercializing solid waste, the cost of effluent can, to some extent becovered.Biogas can be recovered by anaerobic digestion of sludge. Biomethanizationreduces the volume of sludge and improves its stability and thereby yields amaterial more acceptable to landfill. However, owing to the presence of sometoxic and corrosive components the biogas produces has to be purified beforeuse.Solid waste can be a useful source of chemicals and protein. For instance itis possible to recover chromium from chrome leather shavings and waste byenzymatic hydrolysis. Leatherboard can be produced from vegetable tannedshaving and trimmings. It is also possible to use chrome tanned waste, althoughthe quality of the leatherboard is not as high.Untanned trimming have long been a traditional source of gelatin anduntanned fleshings, a source of glue. Tallow and grease can be obtained fromfleshings by rendering. Perhaps the most interesting developments in recentyears have been those that have highligted the possibility of producing proteinsuitable for animal and fish feeds from solid wastes. They can be used alone orin combination with soya and/ or synthetic amino acids to supplement thedeficiencies in collagen.Flesh splits can be converted into collagen casing. Collagen dispersions canbe coagulated with natural and synthetic rubber lattices to give low densityrubber shoe soling material. Collagen can be incorporated in coating materials,in pharmaceutical applications, as an absorbent material for filtering sulphurdioxide and other air pollutants. Protein hydrolysates can be applied in themanufacture of cosmetics. They can also revert to the leather industry, beingincorporated at the pretanning stage and contributing to the subsequent betteruptake of tanning materials. [ Leather Industry, (1991)]
Page 1 and 2:
1DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITYGRADUATE SCH
Page 4 and 5:
4ACKNOWLEDGMENTSI thank my advisor
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6Keywords: Leather, treatment, tann
Page 8 and 9:
8toplanarak, bertaraf edilmektedir.
Page 10 and 11: 103.1.2.4 Draining, Samming, and Se
Page 12 and 13: 126.1 Mechanical Treatment….…
Page 14 and 15: 14CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTIONToday leat
Page 16 and 17: 163CHAPTER TWOLEATHER PRODUCTION2.1
Page 18 and 19: 18 5In year 2005, a total of 65 mil
Page 20 and 21: 20 73.1.1.2 Fleshing and Trimming(E
Page 22 and 23: 22 9specifically treated, however,
Page 24 and 25: 11 24weak alkalis (e. g. Sodium or
Page 26 and 27: 13 26Figure 3.1 An overview on the
Page 28 and 29: 15 284.1.3 (Wet) Finishing Chemical
Page 30 and 31: 30Table 4.1 Major, Moderate and Pot
Page 32 and 33: 32 19Where effluent is discharged d
Page 34 and 35: 34 21If the wastewater is to be dis
Page 36 and 37: 36 23In order to assess an effluent
Page 38 and 39: 25 382. The nitrogen released throu
Page 40 and 41: 27 40This bacteria conversion to hy
Page 42 and 43: 29 42Municipal and common treatment
Page 44 and 45: 31 445.1.11 Air Emissions(The Leath
Page 46 and 47: 33 46• Recover energy from the dr
Page 48 and 49: 35 48Coagulation and flocculation a
Page 50 and 51: 37 506.2.3 Facultative PondsPonds i
Page 52 and 53: 39 52whilst the sludge-water mixtur
Page 54 and 55: 4154Denitrification(2):6NO3 + 2 CH3
Page 56 and 57: 43 566.5 Environmentally Clean Tech
Page 58 and 59: 45 586.5.1 High Exhaustion(Blackman
Page 62 and 63: 62CHAPTER SEVENENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Page 64 and 65: 64CHAPTER EIGHTMASS BALANCE OF LEAT
Page 66 and 67: 53 66Table 8.1 Assumption for mass
Page 68 and 69: 55 68For this reason both possibili
Page 70 and 71: 57 70Table 8.3 Composition of flesh
Page 72 and 73: 59 72At the end of chrome tanning,
Page 74 and 75: 61 74collagen; 262water; 836collage
Page 76 and 77: 63 76shown in Annex II. A typical m
Page 78 and 79: 65 78collagen; 119Cr tannin; 12wate
Page 80 and 81: 67 80finishing is shown in Figures
Page 82 and 83: 82CHAPTER NINEFACILITIES9.1 Izmir M
Page 84 and 85: 71 84Secretariat of Customs, (dated
Page 86 and 87: 73 86The measured parameters of the
Page 88 and 89: 75 889.3 Company B9.3.1 History of
Page 90 and 91: 77 90in sulfur oxidation pond flow
Page 92 and 93: 792Tablo 9.5 General information ab
Page 94 and 95: 81 94elevation and treatment proces
Page 96 and 97: 96CHAPTER TENCONCLUSIONNowadays, th
Page 98 and 99: 8598In both facilities, for the con
Page 100 and 101: 87100Langlais, R., J., Sayers, R.,
Page 102 and 103: 102APPENDICESAPPENDIX IRegulation o
Page 104 and 105: 91 104b) Small wastewater sources a
Page 106 and 107: 93 106CHAPTER TWOPrinciplesPrincipl
Page 108 and 109: 95 108b) Beverage industry sector;
Page 110 and 111:
97 110relevant administration takin
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112APPENDIX IIBEAMHOUSEBasis: salts
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114TANNINGPickling 50 % H2O 0. 55 m
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116Washing 400 % H2O 0. 35 m³Retan
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118solids 2. 0 kg 1. 7 kgTop spray
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WASTE MANAGEMENT IN LEATHER INDUSTRY

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