WASTE MANAGEMENT IN LEATHER INDUSTRY

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96CHAPTER TENCONCLUSIONNowadays, through advanced technologies, recycling of the chemicals whichare necessary in the facility itself and will be burden for the environment, and therecovery of which is costly, is the path should be taken. Although the initialinvestment cost is considerably high, in the long run the benefits will recover theinitial investment cost and minimize the harmful environmental effects. A lot ofbest available treatment (BAT) technologies is used in leather facilities as (bio)membrane, precipitation process to removal of chromium. Basic principle of thesetechnologies is depended on recovery of chromium in tannery wastewater. Therecovery of the chromium of tannery wastewater is necessary for environmentalprotection and economic reason. Some solid wastes of leather facilities should beuse the other sector as raw material. Therefore, the raw material consumption islower that use of these waste is used the raw material a lot of sectors.There are many salting methods today (drying, keeping in a temperature of -3Celsius degree or putting in the ice bars). Even though keeping with salt methodis applied since it is economically favorable, it causes an additional treatment costto the facility. This salt can be detracted from the facility by whipping-by-handmethod to a minimum degree. In addition, the slaughter houses are near theleather tanning facilities but this does not necessitate that the leathers should beimmediately tanned or additional chemicals or technologies should be used. Sincethis factor is not considered during the foundation of the facilities, this alternativecannot be used in the process of decreasing the salt added into water.In the first facility, waste products from snipping and trimming processes wereused as raw material in other industries, but in time, these waste products causedadditional pollution since the shipping expenses became costly because of thedistance between the facilities. In the other facility, these waste products are sold.Waste products from fleshing process are used as raw material in neither facility.83
84 97Today the most easily applied method for hair-removing process is usingchemicals such as lime, sodium sulfide and kaolin in liming closets, which doesnot require additional work force. But this method is one of the reasons for theincrease of the pollution in the water. Another method is whitening method. Inthis method, a solution composed of sodium sulfide, lime, supplied hydrate andkaolin is applied on the sub-section of the leather, and the leather is left for 3hours, then the hair is removed manually. This whitening method should not beignored since in this method the process water is used and the chemicals and thepollution in the water are kept at a minimum level, in addition, it can be sold andmost importantly this method helps energy saving.Considering the physical characteristics of the leather achieved by the chrometanning method, this method is used in both facilities for producing desirablequality leather. Vegetative tanning or alternative tanning methods can be usedinstead of this method. Even though we cannot completely eliminate the pollutionthat is caused by chrome tanning method, we can recycle chrome by making useof clean technologies to minimize it keeping the pollution of the environment andcosts of the chemicals used at a minimum level. The process of minimizing thepollution by recycling chrome is applicable in both facilities without any areaproblem. This technology is perfect for the big or medium-seized facilities. But itis a fact that, considering the additional processes in the future and unplannedconstruction costs; the modification of the clean technologies should besubtracted.Since the first facility is located in a free leather trade area, it is not required toconstruct a pre-treatment facility because there is a single treatment facility in thisfree trade area to minimize the wastes from all of the facilities in this area. Butwastes from liming and tanning are elevated to the facility in separate canalstogether with the process water and discharged in accordance with the rules statedin the Regulations.
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1DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITYGRADUATE SCH
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4ACKNOWLEDGMENTSI thank my advisor
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6Keywords: Leather, treatment, tann
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8toplanarak, bertaraf edilmektedir.
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103.1.2.4 Draining, Samming, and Se
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126.1 Mechanical Treatment….…
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14CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTIONToday leat
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163CHAPTER TWOLEATHER PRODUCTION2.1
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18 5In year 2005, a total of 65 mil
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20 73.1.1.2 Fleshing and Trimming(E
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22 9specifically treated, however,
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11 24weak alkalis (e. g. Sodium or
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13 26Figure 3.1 An overview on the
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15 284.1.3 (Wet) Finishing Chemical
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30Table 4.1 Major, Moderate and Pot
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32 19Where effluent is discharged d
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34 21If the wastewater is to be dis
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36 23In order to assess an effluent
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25 382. The nitrogen released throu
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27 40This bacteria conversion to hy
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29 42Municipal and common treatment
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31 445.1.11 Air Emissions(The Leath
Page 46 and 47: 33 46• Recover energy from the dr
Page 48 and 49: 35 48Coagulation and flocculation a
Page 50 and 51: 37 506.2.3 Facultative PondsPonds i
Page 52 and 53: 39 52whilst the sludge-water mixtur
Page 54 and 55: 4154Denitrification(2):6NO3 + 2 CH3
Page 56 and 57: 43 566.5 Environmentally Clean Tech
Page 58 and 59: 45 586.5.1 High Exhaustion(Blackman
Page 60 and 61: 47 60South America and France. [Off
Page 62 and 63: 62CHAPTER SEVENENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Page 64 and 65: 64CHAPTER EIGHTMASS BALANCE OF LEAT
Page 66 and 67: 53 66Table 8.1 Assumption for mass
Page 68 and 69: 55 68For this reason both possibili
Page 70 and 71: 57 70Table 8.3 Composition of flesh
Page 72 and 73: 59 72At the end of chrome tanning,
Page 74 and 75: 61 74collagen; 262water; 836collage
Page 76 and 77: 63 76shown in Annex II. A typical m
Page 78 and 79: 65 78collagen; 119Cr tannin; 12wate
Page 80 and 81: 67 80finishing is shown in Figures
Page 82 and 83: 82CHAPTER NINEFACILITIES9.1 Izmir M
Page 84 and 85: 71 84Secretariat of Customs, (dated
Page 86 and 87: 73 86The measured parameters of the
Page 88 and 89: 75 889.3 Company B9.3.1 History of
Page 90 and 91: 77 90in sulfur oxidation pond flow
Page 92 and 93: 792Tablo 9.5 General information ab
Page 94 and 95: 81 94elevation and treatment proces
Page 98 and 99: 8598In both facilities, for the con
Page 100 and 101: 87100Langlais, R., J., Sayers, R.,
Page 102 and 103: 102APPENDICESAPPENDIX IRegulation o
Page 104 and 105: 91 104b) Small wastewater sources a
Page 106 and 107: 93 106CHAPTER TWOPrinciplesPrincipl
Page 108 and 109: 95 108b) Beverage industry sector;
Page 110 and 111: 97 110relevant administration takin
Page 112 and 113: 112APPENDIX IIBEAMHOUSEBasis: salts
Page 114 and 115: 114TANNINGPickling 50 % H2O 0. 55 m
Page 116 and 117: 116Washing 400 % H2O 0. 35 m³Retan
Page 118: 118solids 2. 0 kg 1. 7 kgTop spray
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WASTE MANAGEMENT IN LEATHER INDUSTRY

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