Vaccines-2013 - OMICS Group

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Aniekan J. Etokidem et al., J Vaccines Vaccin 2013, 4:5http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.S1.0173 rd International Conference onVaccines & VaccinationJuly 29-31, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USAMyths and misconceptions as barriers to uptake of immunization services in NigeriaAniekan J. Etokidem, En Nsan and Wo NdifonUniversity of Calabar Teaching Hospital Calabar, NigeriaNigeria is presently one of only three countries in the world that are polio endemic. Nigeria accounted for 60.4% of all newcases of wild polio virus reported in these countries as of September, 2012. The immunization program in Nigeria has beenmarred by several factors including religious, socio-cultural barriers and myths and misconceptions. The objective of this studywas to identify myths and misconceptions that affect utilization of childhood immunization services in Calabar, Nigeria.Focus group discussion sessions were held among caregivers in Calabar, Nigeria. Data obtained were transcribed andanalyzed using the content analysis approach.Participants had poor knowledge of vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) and vaccines against them. Some mentioned non-VPDs as if they were VPDs and also were not able to match some vaccines with the VPD against which they are administered.They mentioned several myths and misconceptions regarding immunization. Some believed that “so called” VPDs are caused bymermaid spirits and witches and wizards. Some of the solutions to VPDs proffered by participants included sacrificing in the riverby midnight. Some caregivers felt multiple doses of vaccines could harm the children while others believe that polio is a result ofa child being indebted in the spirit world.Myths and misconceptions regarding immunization are still rife in most Nigerian communities. There is need to debunkthem through health education in order to ensure success of the country’s immunization program.BiographyAniekan J. Etokidem had his postgraduate training in Public Health/Community Medicine at both the National Postgraduate Medical College ofNigeria and the West African Postgraduate Medical College. He is currently the Head of Department of Community Medicine at the Universityof Calabar/University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria. His research works have been published in both national and internationaljournals. He is interest in immunization transcend academic and professional realm. He is also a Rotarian, contributing his talent, time and treasureto polio eradication activities in Nigeria.etokidem@etokidem.comJ Vaccines Vaccin 2013ISSN: 2157-7560, JVV an open access journalVaccines-2013July 29-31, 2013Volume 4 Issue 5Page 114
Yan Liang et al., J Vaccines Vaccin 2013, 4:5http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.S1.0173 rd International Conference onVaccines & VaccinationJuly 29-31, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USAAg85A/ESAT-6 chimeric DNA vaccine caused hypersensitivity response in miceYan Liang 1 , Xueqiong Wu 1 and Zhongming Li 21Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, China2Vaccine Research Laboratory, Shanghai H&G Biotechnology Company, ChinaWe studied the effects of Ag85A/ESAT-6 DNA vaccine alone or in combination with anti-TB drugs for the treatment ofmouse TB model. In the first experiment, the mice infected with MDR isolate HB361 were variously treated with plasmidpVAX1, RFP, PZA, Ag85A DNA, Ag85A/ESAT-6 DNA, or Ag85A/ESAT-6 DNA combined with either RFP or PZA. In thesecond experiment, the mice infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv were treated with saline, plasmid pVAX1, M. vaccae vaccine,Ag85A DNA, or Ag85A/ESAT-6 DNA plus Ag85A/ESAT-6 protein boost. The mice in Ag85A DNA group all survived in the twoexperiments, but in the first experiment all ten mice were dead at 1 to 2 days after the fifth immunization with Ag85A/ESAT-6DNA. In the second experiment 13 of 16 mice were dead at 2 days after the booster immunization with Ag85A/ESAT-6 protein.Only 2 of 10 mice were dead at 29 days after the fifth treatment using Ag85A/ESAT-6 DNA combined with RFP in the MDR-TBmodel, and the live mice had reduced the pulmonary and splenic bacterial loads by 0.88 and 0.85 logs respectively compared withthe RFP only group. Histopathology showed acute pulmonary edema and vasculitis in lungs of the three surviving mice fromAg85A/ESAT-6 DNA vaccine plus Ag85A/ESAT-6 protein boost group. These data suggest that Ag85A/ESAT-6 DNA did notimprove the immunotheraputic effect of Ag85A on TB infection in mice. The over-expression of ESAT-6 protein and multipleimmunizations using Ag85A/ESAT-6 DNA apparently caused a hypersensitivity response when used in immunotherapeuticimmunization strategies.BiographyYan Liang, MD, Ph.D, Associate Professor of Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, the Institute of Tuberculosis Research, the309 th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, China. She does research on tuberculosis (TB) in the following directions: (1) New TB vaccines; (2)the new, rapid diagnostic techniques of TB.amy5919@sina.comJ Vaccines Vaccin 2013ISSN: 2157-7560, JVV an open access journalVaccines-2013July 29-31, 2013Volume 4 Issue 5Page 115
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