Vaccines-2013 - OMICS Group

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De-chu C. Tang, J Vaccines Vaccin 2013, 4:5http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.S1.0163 rd International Conference onVaccines & VaccinationJuly 29-31, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USAAdenovirus vector-induced innate-adaptive protective immunity duo against viral andbacterial infectionsDe-chu C. TangInternational Vaccine Institute, KoreaWe report that intranasal administration of an E1/E3-defective (E1E3) adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-vectored influenzavaccine could induce seroconversion in human volunteers without appreciable adverse effects, even in subjects with preexistingAd5 immunity. Mice and ferrets were well protected against challenge by a lethal dose of an H5N1 avian influenza virusfollowing intranasal instillation of an Ad5 vector encoding hemagglutinin (HA) in a single-dose regimen.Moreover, the ΔE1E3 Ad5 particle itself without transgene could confer rapid-prolonged-broad protection against a varietyof influenza virus strains by inducing an anti-influenza state in a drug-like manner, conceivably by activating a specific armof innate immunity. An Ad5 vector encoding HA consolidates drug and vaccine into a single package, which allows the Ad5backbone to confer nearly immediate and prolonged (e.g., 5 hours to 47 days) protection against influenza; followed by HAmediatedadaptive immunity before the ΔE1E3 Ad5 backbone-induced anti-influenza state declines away.In addition to ΔE1E3 Ad5’s capacity to rapidly induce an anti-influenza state, an Ad5 vector encoding a bioengineeredBacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) could also confer rapid (e.g., 1-2 days) prophylactic or post-exposure anthrax therapywith synergy to antibiotic treatment in a murine model. Both rabbits and macaques were well protected by an Ad5-PA-vectorednasal anthrax vaccine in a single-dose regimen against inhalational anthrax following challenge with a lethal dose of Bacillusanthracis Ames spores.BiographyDe-chu C. Tang is a Korean Brain Pool Program Scientist and the Scientifi c Founder of Vaxin Inc. He obtained his Ph.D. in Microbiology from IndianaUniversity in 1989. He carried out his postdoctoral work at Baylor College of Medicine, Duke University, and the University of Texas SouthwesternMedical Center. He joined the faculty at the University of Alabama at Birmingham in 1994; subsequently founded Vaxin Inc. on UAB campus in 1997;and was responsible for Vaxin’s daily operation as the Chief Scientifi c Offi cer until 2012. He was one of the pioneers during the development of DNAvaccines, noninvasive skin patch vaccines, adenovirus-vectored infl uenza and anthrax vaccines, adenovirus-vectored poultry vaccines, as well asthe drug-vaccine duo platform technology. He received the Wallace H. Coulter Award for innovation and entrepreneurship in 2000; Vaxin Inc. wasselected as a Tech Museum Awards Laureate in 2007. He was selected as a distinguished overseas scientist by the Korean Brain Pool Program in2012 and subsequently recruited to Chung-Ang University and International Vaccine Institute in Seoul as a Scientist.Dechu.Tang@ivi.intJ Vaccines Vaccin 2013ISSN: 2157-7560, JVV an open access journalVaccines-2013July 29-31, 2013Volume 4 Issue 5Page 40
Xiao-Qing Wei, J Vaccines Vaccin 2013, 4:5http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.S1.0163 rd International Conference onVaccines & VaccinationJuly 29-31, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USAIL-23 encapsulated PLGA micro-particles has a strong adjuvant effect in Pertussis vaccineXiao-Qing WeiTissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, Dental School of Cardiff University, UKObjective: Pertussis still remains endemic worldwide and is an important public health problem. There has been a resurgenceof reported pertussis cases in many regions of the world where the acellular pertussis vaccine (ACV) vaccination coverage inyoung children is high. Ten infant deaths were reported in California in 2010. The epidemic was not confined to California,with similar reports from Michigan, Ohio and Oklahoma and in other countries, including Australia and Ireland. More recently,5 neonate deaths in UK and 9 deaths in Washington in 2012 have been reported. This resurgence of pertussis may be, in part,associated with escape from immunity owing to antigen variation and/or poor or short-lived adaptive immunity induced by theACV when compared with the whole cell pertussis vaccine (WCV) that they replaced. Currently, ACV are administered withalum as the adjuvant which favours the induction of Th2 cells and antibodies. Studies have shown that WCV or natural infectioninduce relatively high levels of protection and promote Th1 responses. Given the increasing incidence of pertussis in vaccinatedpopulations, strategies to raise the efficacy and longevity of the protection induced by ACV to that of the original WCV shouldbe investigated taking cognisance of recent discoveries on the mechanism of vaccine-induced immunity, especially the role ofT-cell and CMI response.New nanotechnology has merged in recent years in drug/vaccine delivery fields. Bio-degradable PLGA nanoparticles havebeen reported to easily penetrate through dermal skin into lymphoid tissue to initiate T and B cell responses. This method hasbeen used to deliver antigen for vaccination successfully together with TLR agonist which effectively induced dendritic cellmaturation and dramatically enhanced cellular immunity. IL-12 family cytokines e.g. IL-23 and IL-27 have been reported to playan important role in generation of high Th1 response and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells against virus infection and IL-23 and IL-27have been shown synergistically with IL-12 inducing Th1 responses. IL-23 is also a critical cytokine to induce Th17 responsewhich has been demonstrated to play a beneficial role in vaccination against Staphylococcus aureus infection. CpG alone, or incombination with alum has shown to promote both humoral and CMI responses in mice and thereby enhance protection againstlive bacterial challenge.Method: Bone marrow cells extracted from C57/black mice femur bones were cultured with either 10 ng/ml rmGM-CSF or 10ng/ml each M-CSF/IL-4 for 7 days before LPS stimulation with or without Heat-Kill Candida (HKC). Released cytokines weresubsequently measured by ELISA and gene expression determined by real-time RT-PCR. In some experiments, cytokines wereexamined by Western blot. To confirm intracellular EBi3/p40/35 protein interaction, IL-12p70 biscistronic expression vector andEBI3 expression vector were constructed in pcDNA3.1A. CHO cells were transfected with expression vectors before detection ofthe protein by ELISA, Western blot (WB) and/or immuno-precipitation WB.Result: Mouse bone marrow derived M1 and M2 macrophages produced distinctive cytokine patterns following C. albicansstimulation. LPS converted M2 macrophages to the M1 phenotype with higher IL-12p70 production. C. albicans suppressed LPSinduced IL-12p70 production in a dose dependent manner in M2. This suppression was result of competing of EBI3 and IL-12p40for IL-12p35 binding, which was confirmed by IL-12p40/p35 and EBi3 co-expression in CHO cells.Conclusion: This result demonstrated that Candida ‘de-sensitises’ tissue M2 macrophages to transform to M1 phenotype in thepresence of LPS, by suppressing IL-12p70 production. This may lead to the avoidance of an unnecessary Th1 response during theresolving phase of infection.BiographyXiao-Qing Wei graduated in medicine in Medical School of Peking University in Beijing, China. He has also completed his Ph.D. in ImmunologyDepartment of University of Glasgow and studied the role of cytokine, IL-15, IL-18 and IL-35 in infection and immunity as a research fellow inUniversity of Glasgow in UK. He is a lecturer in Immunology in Cardiff University currently. He has published 60 papers in reputed journals andserving as an editorial board member of some immunology journals. He has awarded honorary professorships in 4 medical universities in China andcurrently working closely with his collaborators in China and UK in cytokine and skin DC research.WeiX1@cardiff.ac.ukJ Vaccines Vaccin 2013ISSN: 2157-7560, JVV an open access journalVaccines-2013July 29-31, 2013Volume 4 Issue 5Page 41
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