Vaccines-2013 - OMICS Group

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Parth B. Patel, J Vaccines Vaccin 2013, 4:5http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.S1.0183 rd International Conference onVaccines & VaccinationJuly 29-31, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USAA review on generation of novel human cancer vaccines testing in phase III clinical trialsParth B. PatelKalol Institute of Pharmacy, IndiaDiscovery of a potential anticancer therapy is still a challenge to the scientists. Though many different kinds of therapies aredeveloped none of them has lived up to the task to cure cancer completely. Cancer vaccines are found to be the latest discoveryin the field of cancer. Although till date only one cancer vaccine is approved by FDA, there are number of vaccines undergoingpreclinical & clinical trials which are promising to be an effective anticancer therapy. This article reviews some of the basic aspectsof different types of cancer vaccines along with their drawbacks & future development. Novel vaccines produce specific immuneresponses and objective clinical responses with minimal toxicity in phase I/II trials. Advances in gene transfer technology, tumorimmunology and better methods of monitoring specific anti tumor immune responses allow the hope that tumor vaccines willbe introduced into the clinic, at least in some malignancies resistant to systemic therapy so far such as melanoma and renal cellcarcinoma. The first generation of human cancer vaccines has been tested in phase III clinical trials, but only a few of these havedemonstrated sufficient efficacy to be licensed for clinical use. This article reviews some of the mechanisms that could contributeto these limited clinical responses, and highlights the challenges faced for development of future vaccines.BiographyParth B. Patel has completed his B. Pharm at the age of 20 years from Gujarat Technological University and postgraduation studies from GujaratTechnological University. He has published two papers in reputed journals and one international book in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germanyas well.parthbpatel91@gmail.comJ Vaccines Vaccin 2013ISSN: 2157-7560, JVV an open access journalVaccines-2013July 29-31, 2013Volume 4 Issue 5Page 152
Prerna Chaudhary, J Vaccines Vaccin 2013, 4:5http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.S1.0183 rd International Conference onVaccines & VaccinationJuly 29-31, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USADevelopment of edible vaccine against anthrax by using edema factor gene of Bacillus anthracisPrerna ChaudharyJawaharlal Nehru University, IndiaAnthrax is an epizootic disease mainly affecting cattle, caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It producesthree toxin components, protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF). Lethal toxin (LF+PA) and edematoxin (EF+PA) are known to cause lethality in anthrax infected animal models. The recent bioterrorism attack and the revivalof the disease enforce an urgent need for effective prophylactic measures and therapeutic formulations to combat the disease.The currently used PA based anthrax vaccine is associated with several side effects due to its potential reactogenecity and alsorequires protracted and complicated dosages schedule. Since the expression of hepatitis B surface antigen in model plant tobacco,a number of antigenic proteins have been expressed in different plant systems. These plant based vaccines are especially attractiveas plants are free of human or animal diseases, reducing screening and purification costs. Also, they offer a palatable oral deliverysystem that stimulates both systemic and mucosal immune response. Attempts are being made to develop improved anthraxvaccines using antigens other then PA. Several immunization studies have proved that LF and EF alone, produce substantialamount of antibodies and in combination with PA, strengthen PA mediated immunoprotection. Studies have also highlighted theneed of using mutants of anthrax toxin components in vaccine preparations. We have successfully cloned normal and mutatedEF gene in a plant expression vector and Indian mustard plant Brassica juncea was transformed via Agrobacterium mediatedtransformation. Molecular and immunological studies have shown the stable integration and expression of EF gene in the plants.BiographyPrerna Chaudhary is a Ph.D. student at School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Currently, she is working on edible vaccineagainst anthrax and recently communicated a paper on PA based edible vaccine.prernajnu@gmail.comJ Vaccines Vaccin 2013ISSN: 2157-7560, JVV an open access journalVaccines-2013July 29-31, 2013Volume 4 Issue 5Page 153
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Vaccines-2013 - OMICS Group

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