Vaccines-2013 - OMICS Group

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Zakaria Hmama, J Vaccines Vaccin 2013, 4:5http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.S1.0163 rd International Conference onVaccines & VaccinationJuly 29-31, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USAEnhancing the efficacy of conventional BCG vaccineZakaria HmamaUniversity of British Columbia, CanadaThe need for an efficacious control of the spread of tuberculosis (TB) disease is urgent and not restricted to the developingworld. Protective vaccination is the best and most cost-effective option to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. However,efficacy of the only available TB vaccine (derived from the non-pathogenic mycobacterium M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin,or BCG) varies from 0 to 80% in different populations, with a consistently low efficacy in parts of the world where TB control isthe most needed. Although the BCG vaccine is generally safe and rarely induces disease in human, it appears to mimic virulentM. tuberculosis (Mtb) strains in their capacity to inhibit macrophage (MØ) functions that initiate adaptive immune response.Our investigations have revealed that MØ infection with conventional BCG down-modulates surface expression of mature MHCclass II molecules by mechanisms that are in part dependent on the inhibition of Cathepsin S (CatS) expression, a cysteineprotease that is required for normal processing and maturation of MHC class II molecules in MØ. BCG also significantly blocksphagosome biogenesis, which is a prerequisite for Ag processing. Therefore inhibition of antigen presenting cell functions may, atleast partially, explain its failure to induce efficient immunity to TB. We believe that removing the inhibitory effects could improvethe current BCG vaccine. Overcoming even one aspect of MØ activation may improve BCG immunogenicity enough to enhanceits protective efficacy. Therefore, we cloned and expressed a secreted form of human active CatS (huCatS) in BCG to generate anovel BCG-derived vaccine. Our in vitro investigations demonstrated that infection with rBCG-huCatS (i) restores normal levelsof MØ CatS, (ii) induces phagosome-lysosome fusion and apoptosis and (iii) restores the expression of mature class II moleculesas well as their capacity to present mycobacterial Ag to specific CD4 T cells. More recently, we generated a second recombinantBCG expressing a stable chromosomal copy of active CatS (rBCG-muCatS) to examine the efficacy of BCG expressing CatS inthe mouse model. Preliminary experiments showed a significant decrease in the number of virulent Mtb in the lung of vaccinatedanimals. Such findings were consistent with concomitant observations that CatS also stimulates the MHC class I pathway in cellsinfected with mycobacteria.BiographyZakaria Hmama received a Ph.D. degree from the University Claude Bernard (Lyon, France) in 1993. He is currently Associate Professor at theUniversity of British Columbia (Department of Medicine) and holds a Scholarship Award from the Michael Smith Foundation of Health Research.Ongoing research in Zakaria’s lab focuses on developing novel gene manipulation technologies to upgrade the current BCG vaccine in order tomaximize the induction of protective TB immunity. Of equal importance to the vaccine project, a biology-based study of Mtb persistence has revealedimportant virulence factors that represent attractive drug targets that could be used for TB treatment.hmama@mail.ubc.caJ Vaccines Vaccin 2013ISSN: 2157-7560, JVV an open access journalVaccines-2013July 29-31, 2013Volume 4 Issue 5Page 66
Alwyn Rapose, J Vaccines Vaccin 2013, 4:5http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.S1.0163 rd International Conference onVaccines & VaccinationJuly 29-31, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USAVaginal epithelial model for testing effectiveness of vaccines and microbicides against STIsAlwyn RaposeReliant Medical Group, USAThe Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates an annual incidence of 6.2 million new cases of HPV and 1.6 million newcases of HSV in the USA. Additionally, there are a large number of new cases of chlamydia, trichomoniasis and othersexually transmitted infections (STIs) each year, resulting in nearly 16 billion dollars in medical costs. Females are affecteddisproportionately more both in terms of numbers and complications of STIs.Vaccination against some strains of HPV is now available, while research into vaccines and microbicides against other STIsincluding HIV is on-going. Protection against STIs includes acquired immunity as seen after vaccination, but more importantly,innate immunity by local barrier function of the genital epithelium. Unfortunately the effectiveness of potential vaccines andother agents at the molecular level of the genital mucosa is difficult to study in human subjects.An ex vivo culture model has been developed to reflect the human vaginal epithelium. At day 10 of culture, we have a 10-12layer thick polarized tissue that histologically as well as by electron microscopy very closely mimics human vaginal epithelium. Itis replenishable, consistently reproducible, and supports limited colonization of bacterial flora.This tissue serves as an excellent platform for evaluating innate (barrier function) as well as acquired (after treatment withvaccine and microbicide formulations) immune function of the human genital mucosa which is the site of entry for STIs.BiographyAlwyn Rapose obtained his doctorate in Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology from King Edward VII Memorial Hospital, Bombay, India.Thereafter he obtained his M.D. in Internal Medicine from St. Vincent Hospital, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA, followed by a fellowship in infectiousdiseases at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA. During this time, he was a recipient of the NIH/NIAID supportedUTMB postdoctoral research grant in Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases. He is board certifi ed in both infectious diseases and internalmedicine. He is presently Assistant Professor of clinical medicine at the University of Massachusetts, USA and practices as consultant in infectiousdiseases at the Reliant Medical Group and St. Vincent Hospital in Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.alwyn.rapose@reliantmedicalgroup.orgJ Vaccines Vaccin 2013ISSN: 2157-7560, JVV an open access journalVaccines-2013July 29-31, 2013Volume 4 Issue 5Page 67
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