Vaccines-2013 - OMICS Group

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Lbachir BenMohamed et al., J Vaccines Vaccin 2013, 4:5http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.S1.0183 rd International Conference onVaccines & VaccinationJuly 29-31, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USAIs a Herpes vaccine possible? Setting up the road for next generation of herpes vaccinesLbachir BenMohamed and Tiffany KuoUniversity of California Irvine, USAsignificant portion of the world's population is infected with Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and/or HSV-2)A without the knowledge of it - even as HSV-1 and HSV-2 continue to spread globally. In the United States, about one in sixof the population between fourteen and forty-nine years of age are infected with HSV-2, which is equivalent to approximatelysixty million in absolute number, with the highest prevalence among non-Hispanic black individuals and the lowest among thoseof Asian descent. Globally, over 530 million are affected. The sub-Saharan African populations are most dramatically afflicted,with up to 80% of woman and 50% of men suffering from genital herpes (NHANES-2005-2010). Globally, HSV-1 is muchmore prevalent than HSV-2 (CDC), causing significant morbidity especially among young adults in western societies, where53% to 63% are sero-positive in the 2000s. Genital herpes is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, with ahigher prevalence in women. HSV-2, but not HSV-1, appears to be linked with a two- to three-fold increase in risk of HIV-1infection. In addition to causing painful blisters, the virus can cause death or encephalitis in newborns from vertical transmission.Meanwhile, it has been notoriously difficult to develop effective vaccines against herpes viruses, many of which have complexlife cycles and remain dormant in the body for long periods of time. Of note, the recent failure in vaccine strategies involvingthe employment of an envelope recombinant glycoprotein D (gD) have brought on additional challenges in securing financialendorsement from pharmaceutical companies. Despite these setbacks, we continue to advocate our approach through basicimmuno-virology: Understanding the immune mechanisms by which seropositive asymptomatic individuals are protected, therole of T cell system in the mucosa lining the genital tract in preventing HSV-2 acquisition, and the approach to boost effectormemory T cell responses through vaccination are all instrumental to gaining new grounds. In a recent herpes vaccine workshopconvened in Washington, DC, (October 22-23th 2012), the future of the HSV vaccine was discussed among basic researchers,funding agencies, and pharmaceutical representatives. We will: 1) assess the current status of herpes vaccine research, 2) identifythe gaps in our knowledge, and 3) propose our best approach in developing the next generation of herpes vaccine.Lbenmoha@uci.eduJ Vaccines Vaccin 2013ISSN: 2157-7560, JVV an open access journalVaccines-2013July 29-31, 2013Volume 4 Issue 5Page 134
Mathan Periasamy et al., J Vaccines Vaccin 2013, 4:5http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.S1.0183 rd International Conference onVaccines & VaccinationJuly 29-31, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USAInfluence of neonatal BCG vaccination and environmental mycobacteria in sensitizing theanti-mycobacterial activity of macrophagesMathan Periasamy, Manjula Datta, M. Kannapiran, V.D. Ramanathan and Perumal VenkatesanSree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology, IndiaAn immuno-epidemiological study was performed to evaluate the effect of neonatal BCG vaccination and tuberculin responseon macrophage killing profile against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this epidemiological field work, the study subjectswere drawn from in and around Chennai city, South India. The descriptive epidemiological pattern of neonatal BCG vaccinationand its impact on tuberculin skin test were studied. The study subjects for the immunological laboratory experiments wererecruited based on the skin test (Mantoux) outcome, and were grouped in to four natural study groups which include vaccinatedreactors, vaccinated non-reactors, non-vaccinated reactors and non-vaccinated non-reactors. In immunological laboratory workpart, the elucidation of macrophage killing profile was studied for all the four groups and appropriate inter-comparisons weremade. The parameters used for the macrophage killing profile were; (i) Glutathione assay, (ii) Measurement of phagocytosis, (iii)Intracellular growth kinetics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, (iv) Tumor necrosis factor- assay, and (v) Interferon- assay.The results found, in the BCG vaccinated tuberculin reactors the macrophage responses were significantly higher than the BCGvaccinated tuberculin non-reactors. There was no significant difference in the responses among the BCG vaccinated tuberculinreactors when compared to the non-vaccinated tuberculin reactors. The immune responses of non-vaccinated tuberculin reactorswere significantly higher than the vaccinated tuberculin non-reactors. These findings show that the immune response among theadolescents/young adults is elicited by exposure to mycobacteria and not by the neonatal BCG vaccination.Keywords: BCG vaccine, glutathione, IFN- macrophage, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, phagocytosis, TNF- and intracellulargrowth kinetics.BiographyMathan Periasamy has completed his Ph.D. degree from The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai, India. He is having more than tenyears in teaching and his fi eld of interest is Microbiology and Immunology. He has received several awards in international and national conferencepresentations.mathanc@gmail.comJ Vaccines Vaccin 2013ISSN: 2157-7560, JVV an open access journalVaccines-2013July 29-31, 2013Volume 4 Issue 5Page 135
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