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high abundance (94%), their low energy results insignificant patient attenuation, which is particularlydifficult with female patients, in whom breastartifacts in myocardial imaging often makesinterpretation more difficult.Molybdenum-99 (99Mo) Nuclear fission ( 235 U) ~- (100) 181 (6) 67 hr740 (12)780 (4)Phosphorus-32 e 2 p) Neutron activation ~- (100) None 14.26 daysSamarium-153 C S3 Sm) Neutron activation ~- (100) 103 (29) 1.93 daysStrontium-89 ( 89 Sr) Neutron activation ~- (100) None 50.53 daysTechnetium-99m (99m-Tc) Generator product IT (100) 140 (88) 6.02 hrXenon-133 ( 133 Xe) Nuclear fission ( 235 U) ~- (100) 81 (37) 5.3 daysThallium-201 e0 1 TI) Cyclotron produced EC (100) 69-80 (94) 73.1 hr167(10)Parent material for MolTc generator. Not used directlyas a radiopharmaceutical; 740- and 780-keV photonsused to identify "moly breakthrough."Prepared as either sodium or chromic phosphate.Therapy: used for pain relief from metastatic bonelesions. Advantage compared to 89Sr is that the 153Smdistribution can be imaged.Therapy: used for pain relief from metastatic bonelesions.This radionuclide accounts for more than 70% of allimaging studies.133Xe is a heavier-than-air gas. Low abundance and lowenergy of photon reduces image resolution.The majority of clinically useful photons are low-energyx-rays (69-80 keV) from mercury 201 e0 1 Hg), thedaughter of 201TI.Although these photons are inPositron-emitting radionuclidesCarbon-11 (l1C) Cyclotron produced ~+ (100) 511 (AR) 20.4 minFluorine-18 C 8 F) Cyclotron produced W (97) 511 (AR) 110 minEC (3)Nitrogen-13 ( 13 N) Cyclotron produced W (100) 511 (AR) 10 minGallium-68 ( G8 Ga) Cyclotron produced ~+ (89) 511 (AR) 68 minEC (11)Rubidium-82 ( 82 Rb) Generator product ~+ (100) 511 (AR) 75 secThis radionuclide accounts for more than 80% of allclinical positron emission tomography studies;typically formulated as fluorodeoxyglucose (FOG).Note: W, Beta-minus decay; W, beta-plus (positron) decay; AR, annihilation radiation; EC, electroncapture; IT, isomeric transition (i.e., gamma ray emission).
Page 14:
Preface xvAcknowledgmentsForeword x
Page 18:
Chapter 9: Fluoroscopy 2319.1 Funct
Page 22:
16.3 Transducers 48316.4 Beam Prope
Page 26:
B.3 Radiological Data for Elements
Page 32:
We are deeply grateful to that part
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Can medical physics be interesting
Page 46:
INTRODUCTION TO MEDICALIMAGINGMedic
Page 50:
FIGURE 1-2. The chest x-ray is them
Page 54:
FIGURE 1-4. A computed tomography (
Page 58:
angles around the patient. These pr
Page 62:
FIGURE '-8. Sagittal (upper left),
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ducer, which records the returning
Page 70:
TABLE 1-1. THE LIMITING SPATIAL RES
Page 76:
WAVELENGTH(nanometers)FREQUENCY(her
Page 80:
The physical properties of the most
Page 84:
The energy required to remove an el
Page 88:
An electron cascade does not always
Page 92:
160150140130120110100N
Page 96:
The binding energy can be calculate
Page 102:
INTERACTION OF RADIATIONWITH MATTER
Page 106:
x10 3 7becomes electrically neutral
Page 110:
Electrons can undergo inelastic int
Page 114:
The nuclide produced by neutron abs
Page 118:
Compton scattering results in the i
Page 122:
CharacteristicX-rays:A: 0.6 keV (N~
Page 126:
10030 \~ r.." Photoelectric Effect
Page 130:
Attenuation is the removal of photo
Page 134:
The relationship between material d
Page 138:
HVL). Most practical applications o
Page 142:
MFP = 1- = __ 1__ = 1.44 HVLI.l 0.6
Page 146:
For x- and gamma rays, kerma can be
Page 150:
1 R = 2.58 X 10- 4 C/kg (exactly)Ra
Page 154:
TABLE 3-4. RADIATION WEIGHTING FACT
Page 158:
TABLE 3-6. RADIOLOGICAL QUANTITIES,
Page 162:
Computers were originally designed
Page 166:
TABLE 4-2. CONVERSION OF 42 (DECIMA
Page 170:
Binary Representationof Signed Inte
Page 174:
Chapter 4: Computers in Medical Ima
Page 178:
TABLE 4-5. MAXIMAL ERRORS WHEN DIFF
Page 182:
Main memory is used for these funct
Page 186:
A CPU fetches and executes the inst
Page 190:
FIGURE 4-6. Hard-disk drive. Aread/
Page 194:
Table 4-6 compares the characterist
Page 198:
erwise identical, the computer with
Page 202:
function, such as a disk head crash
Page 206:
Scintillation camera planarSPECTPET
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(1.4 MB/disk)(l,024 2 bytes/MB)/[(6
Page 214:
DAC converts each digital number to
Page 218:
UnpolarizedlightHorizontallypolariz
Page 222:
FIGURE 4-15. Graphs of four transla
Page 226:
For example, it is often useful to
Page 234:
X-RAY PRODUCTION, X-RAYTUBES, AND G
Page 238:
1 _2 -3-1Impact with nucleus:Maximu
Page 242:
FIGURE 5-4. Generation of a charact
Page 246:
Cable sockets ~FIGURE 5-6. The majo
Page 250:
~C1.61.41.2 _~ 1.0::l0 0.8Q).00.62-
Page 254:
Rotor~~ ~+-statorFIGURE 5-11. The a
Page 258:
There are three major tradeoffs to
Page 262:
FIGURE 5-16. Various tools allow me
Page 266:
5.3 X-RAY TUBE INSERT, TUBE HOUSING
Page 270:
TABLE 5-3. MINIMUM HALF VALUE LAYER
Page 274:
Induced electronflow in conductorRe
Page 278:
Power is the rate of energy product
Page 282:
used to modulate voltage, autotrans
Page 286:
mAand mAscontrolPhototimercircuitsF
Page 290:
(a)Electron flow through single rec
Page 294:
asic components of a single-phase t
Page 298:
In three-phase generator designs, h
Page 302:
greater overall input power). Next,
Page 306:
nected to the contactors that dose
Page 310:
600500~5 4001:~•..=:l()300Q).0=:l
Page 314:
100% Ripple \5% Ripple /\ ••.-
Page 318:
TABLE 5-6. X-RAY TUBE FOCAL SPOTSIZ
Page 322:
Chapter 5: X-Ray Production, X-Ray
Page 326:
of the chart. Like the single-expos
Page 330:
Projection radiography, the first r
Page 334:
IEi\\i~eFIGURE 6-2. The sides andhe
Page 338:
sure on the screens, the cassette m
Page 342:
version efficiency, the approximate
Page 346:
(and vice versa). This phenomenon i
Page 350:
~80o"-'"{)' 70c.~ 60lij 50c.240 .
Page 354:
film OD. If the screen is made thic
Page 358:
Film has excellent spatial resoluti
Page 362:
-(/l~ 2.0-c:8 1.51.0-(/l~ 2.0-c:8 1
Page 366:
educed latitude. The shaded region
Page 370:
TABLE 6-2. TISSUE HALF-VALUELAYERS
Page 374:
PrimaryScatterFIGURE 6-22. A: Scatt
Page 378:
ferent locations from within the pa
Page 382:
lar to the direction of the slits.
Page 386:
FIGURE 6-30. Air gap geometry canre
Page 392:
silver halidecrystalssensitivityspe
Page 396:
•FIGURE 7-3. The fate of an expos
Page 400:
DeveloperActivatorRestrainerPreserv
Page 404:
increased too much because the numb
Page 408:
can be achieved. Film manufacturers
Page 412:
Modern x-ray equipment is computer
Page 416:
wee en0.25Ol0U. 0.20+Q)(f) 0.15COCO
Page 422:
Mammography is a radiographic exami
Page 426:
Other modalities that have been use
Page 430:
plished by magnetic induction. A so
Page 434:
ReferenceAxisCentra0AxisProjectedfo
Page 438:
30 kVp26 kVp30 kVp26 kVp(b)2.01.81.
Page 442:
OJE 25.E(fl.9 20o~ 15"'___ to 45 x
Page 446:
TABLE 8-2. REQUIREMENTS FOR MINIMUM
Page 450:
TerminationCircuitFIGURE 8-15. The
Page 454:
simulations and experimental measur
Page 458:
1.21.11.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.
Page 462:
2!£.= 1.85 xSODSOD35cmSID65cmOlD30
Page 466:
Film BaseFilm EmulsionPhosphor Scre
Page 470:
equiring a compensatory increase in
Page 474:
0.25 -Base + Fog0.20Density 0.150.1
Page 478:
characteristic curves, the correspo
Page 482:
achieving a pixel size at the image
Page 486:
Chapter 8: Mammography 223TABLE 8-6
Page 490:
ifies that the mammography facility
Page 494:
TABLE 8-9. SUMMARY TABLE OF ANNUAL
Page 498:
preting radiologists, mammography t
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with the fluoroscopy imaging chain
Page 508:
FIGURE 9-4. A scanningelectron micr
Page 512:
cm 2 area of the 9-inch-diameter in
Page 516:
_ 100~I 20 em patient ~~•.... _~-
Page 520:
Video CamerasGeneral OperationThe c
Page 524:
FIGURE 9-11. The flat panelimaging
Page 528:
higher. Cine radiography uses very
Page 532:
put, and consequently frame averagi
Page 536:
contrast" selections on the console
Page 540:
specific applications, such as GIIG
Page 544:
3'2'E~wtJ)w 0.3~,======_o~"~~--;~ _
Page 548:
time estimate of the amount of radi
Page 552:
.~! ~i !j t--------------Ij• •s
Page 556:
'E 2O . O 80(,)~ 100_70-~0CIlIIIr::
Page 560:
40003500CIl 3000::s~ 2500CIlB 2000U
Page 564:
can be radically changed. Therefore
Page 568:
FIGURE 10-10. A: An isometric displ
Page 572:
FIGURE 10-13. Some physical mechani
Page 576:
some clinical applications, the blu
Page 580:
would correspond to 1 cycle/mm. If
Page 584:
I;:' 0.6irI-:!: 0.41.0 2.0 3.0 4.0S
Page 588:
or stochastic component into the im
Page 592:
~~2IIIs:::I I>o40 60 80 100 120 140
Page 596:
The term quantum is defined as "som
Page 600:
Stage Description System P System Q
Page 604:
.g tides:eis.Ec(~ co~o o 2 4 6 8 10
Page 608:
detectorelements[-I I detector aper
Page 612:
Since most patient anatomy does not
Page 616:
detail curves are commonly used in
Page 620:
actually calls nor-The specificity
Page 626:
Digital radiographic image receptor
Page 630:
-8 0.8:J:=~0.6«g! 0.4:;:;ellGi0::
Page 634:
to a very bright light source, whic
Page 638:
Lens Coupled Intensifying ScreenFIG
Page 642:
discretedetectorelementsFIGURE 11-7
Page 646:
light sensitive areaFill Factor = a
Page 650:
for digital stereotactic biopsy. Br
Page 654:
Because the slot width (4 mm) is mu
Page 658:
One of the advantages of having an
Page 662:
ness. Windowing and leveling of a d
Page 666:
nel is called a delta function,anyw
Page 670:
pixels are averaged to go from a 51
Page 674:
Geometric tomography, also called b
Page 678:
ground anatomy causes geometric tom
Page 682:
of relatively rapid readout, allowi
Page 686:
system, the amount of vascular sten
Page 690:
dual-energy subtraction is availabl
Page 696:
point on the image. Consequently, w
Page 700:
FIGURE 13-3. Computedtomographic (C
Page 704:
FIGURE 13-5. First-generation (rota
Page 708:
FIGURE 13-7. Third-generation (rota
Page 712:
FIGURE 13-10. The fan beam geometry
Page 716:
helical x-ray tubepath around patie
Page 720:
septa that separate the individual
Page 724:
detector array modules. With a trad
Page 728:
Slice Thickness: MultipleDetector A
Page 732:
This implies that the upper limit o
Page 736:
FIGURE 13-22. An image of a test ob
Page 740:
The constant ~t factors out, result
Page 744:
6 8A+B=77 A+C=6A+D=57 B+C=9B+D=8C+D
Page 748:
simple backprojection, p(x) is back
Page 752:
The units for the x-axis in Fig. 13
Page 756:
msec is preprocessed, mathematicall
Page 760:
FIGURE 13-33. The coronal, sagittal
Page 764:
ware through the volume data set, f
Page 768:
of CT slices. The MSAD could be mea
Page 772:
position along torsoFIGURE 13-37. D
Page 776:
Factors AffectingSpatial Resolution
Page 780:
x-ray beam hardeningFIGURE 13-38. T
Page 784:
FIGURE 13-41. A partialvolume artif
Page 788:
motion of the electrons in either a
Page 792:
Biologically relevant elements that
Page 796:
FIGURE 14-4. A: A single proton pre
Page 800:
FIGURE 14-5. A: The laboratory fram
Page 804:
magnetic field are separated by an
Page 808:
8 1 at Larmor FrequencyzMot:/81....
Page 812:
The "decay" of the FID envelope is
Page 816:
method to determine the T1 time of
Page 820:
50 msec). Molecular motion, size, a
Page 824:
TEI'I180 0 EchoRotatingframe./FID s
Page 828:
--_. unsaturatedpartiallysaturated:
Page 832:
the figure on the left (longitudina
Page 836:
Imageintensit)GrayWhiteFat1000 2000
Page 840:
TRTERFpulses90 0readout~~~~~~--n~18
Page 844:
Transverse decay (T2)Imageintensit~
Page 848:
Rotating frame../FIGURE 14-29. Grad
Page 852:
very shortTR. In these two regimes,
Page 856:
FIGURE 14-32. A spoiled transverse
Page 860:
acquired. Because the BOLD sequence
Page 864:
412 Section II: Diagnostic Radiolog
Page 870:
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING(MRI)The
Page 874:
Net gradient = ~G 2 + G 2 + G 2x Y
Page 878:
strength, an applied RF pulse with
Page 882:
FIGURE 15-7. The width of the sinc
Page 886:
1•1 cycle/em :1::UAmplitude: 1.0~
Page 890:
positionally dependent phase shift
Page 894:
xImage (grayscalevalue)FIGURE 15-14
Page 898:
8. The final image is a spatial rep
Page 902:
~.......--, ----J+*-.J4~====~_~~.\-
Page 906:
FEG n n n IL.-ct--Echo ,I.16 ms 32
Page 910:
ing time is approximately equal to
Page 914:
sition of the signals (Fig. 15-24),
Page 918:
this is unacceptable for standard c
Page 922:
FIGURE 15-27. Evolution of a narrow
Page 926:
Unsaturated spins: high signalFlow-
Page 930:
volume and places this value in the
Page 934:
In MRI, artifacts manifest as posit
Page 938:
·······i..··I·I~IdealFIGU
Page 942:
FIGURE 15-33. A single bad pixel in
Page 946:
On Tl-weighted images of the head,
Page 950:
A higher frequency encode gradient
Page 954:
c:~...:L~"'FOii·"·"""~·~- ~; t--
Page 958:
purely resistive system is the abil
Page 962:
RF coils create the B 1 field that
Page 966:
86~~ c:~"0~"0m0::214Axial distance
Page 970:
15-2. Qualitative and quantitative
Page 974:
RF exposure causes heating of tissu
Page 980:
Transducer/ ArrayInterrogate bodywi
Page 984:
and its resistance to being com-ulu
Page 988:
are determined by the imaging appli
Page 992:
TABLE 16-2. DECIBEL VALUES. INTENSI
Page 996:
ZI = PICI~~IncidentReflection(echo)
Page 1000:
When C2 > Cl, the angle of transmis
Page 1004:
Penetrationdepth, cm(Distance trave
Page 1008:
Plastic CaseMetal shieldAcoustic ab
Page 1012:
~ ----+thicktransducer~ ----+thintr
Page 1016:
intermediate to those of soft tissu
Page 1020:
Linear ArraysLinear array transduce
Page 1024:
sound beam path is thus largely con
Page 1028:
phase differences of adjacent beams
Page 1032:
III ¢ __ Red;e'vane';ons-~Thicknes
Page 1036:
FIGURE 16-22. Axial resolution iseq
Page 1040:
One way to accomplish this is to ac
Page 1044:
Ultrasound equipment is rapidly evo
Page 1048:
TABLE 16-6. TYPICAL PRF, PRp, AND D
Page 1052:
(3) Demodulation and"Envelope" dete
Page 1056:
systems, and digitally in high-end
Page 1060:
drifted easily and were unstable ov
Page 1064:
State-of-the-art ultrasound scanner
Page 1068:
Image Frame Rate and Spatial Sampli
Page 1072:
els of gray scale. Image storage (w
Page 1076:
Based on the harmonic imaging work
Page 1080:
FIGURE 16-40. Conventional (left) a
Page 1084:
exactly phase reversed, and their s
Page 1088:
FIGURE 16-43. Three-dimensional ult
Page 1092:
occasionally induced by environment
Page 1096:
LiverBoundarydisplacementFIGURE 16-
Page 1100:
Blood moving towards transducerprod
Page 1104:
The continuous-wave Doppler system
Page 1108:
DopplerSignalLow frequencyDoppler s
Page 1112:
eam is aligned at a particular orie
Page 1116:
information is displayed on the vid
Page 1120:
Transducerarray &BeamFormerPulse-ec
Page 1124:
FIGURE 16-54. A comparison of color
Page 1128:
c024VerticalbandE 60..c8-0..(])0 10
Page 1132:
TABLE 16-8. RECOMMENDED QC TESTS FO
Page 1136:
In the pulsed mode of ultrasound op
Page 1140:
ecommends adherence to the ALARA pr
Page 1146:
COMPUTER NETWORKS, PACS,AND TELERAD
Page 1150:
tions protocols. Failure to conform
Page 1154:
The most common LAN medium is Ether
Page 1158:
nodes are both on the same segment
Page 1162:
physics/text will obtain, from a se
Page 1166:
can be programmed to read the traff
Page 1170:
CT North EJCT04_MRG1-:::S:::(Toshib
Page 1174:
a laser and the other using a colli
Page 1178:
(14 x 17 inch) film should be digit
Page 1182:
equipped with specialized software
Page 1186:
The storage may be centralized (i.e
Page 1190:
FIGURE 17-10. Interpretationworksta
Page 1194:
Spatial linearity (freedom from spa
Page 1198:
the faces of the monitors, and to a
Page 1202:
Disadvantagesof PACS1. Initial and
Page 1206:
ital portions of the system can deg
Page 1214:
RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEARTRANSFORMA
Page 1218:
TABLE 18-3. PHYSICAL HALF-LIFE (Tp1
Page 1222: A plot on a lineat axis of activity
Page 1226: Although the ~- particles emitted b
Page 1230: The capture of an orbital electron
Page 1234: RADON-220Alpha DecayT 1/2 = 55 seco
Page 1238: TECHNETIUM 99MIsomeric TransitionT1
Page 1242: RADIONUCLIDE PRODUCTION ANDRADIOPHA
Page 1246: continue to acquire kinetic energy,
Page 1250: come the nuclear binding forces. Th
Page 1254: duced), the reactor is said to be s
Page 1258: chemically separated from other fis
Page 1262: FIGURE 19-7. Picture of a "wet" mol
Page 1266: een achieved, the daughter activity
Page 1270: feres with the preparation of some
Page 1276: septa (see Chapter 21). A radiophar
Page 1280: mediated by the energy-dependent Na
Page 1284: depending on the solvent, either re
Page 1288: (ii) The total dosage (i.e., admini
Page 1292: nal. For other applications, photog
Page 1296: are often operated in current mode
Page 1300: 20.2 GAS-FILLED DETECTORSBasic Prin
Page 1304: Because gas multiplication does not
Page 1308: is extensively used in biomedical r
Page 1312: constituent elements and their low
Page 1316: visiblelight -...photon+photocathod
Page 1320: In crystalline materials, electrons
Page 1324:
of the diode and the negative polar
Page 1328:
FIGURE 20-13. Function of asingle-c
Page 1332:
Nal (TI)crystal..-r--..IIIIPMT...-r
Page 1336:
Spectrum of Cesium-137The spectrum
Page 1340:
with the emission of a 140.5-keV ga
Page 1344:
FIGURE 20-22. Pulse pileup.The dash
Page 1348:
distance, typically 20 to 25 cm, fr
Page 1352:
its samples ofI-125 and Co-57 to ac
Page 1356:
Dose Calibrator Quality AssuranceBe
Page 1360:
Two measures of the central tendenc
Page 1364:
4Number of SuccessesFIGURE 20-28. B
Page 1368:
For example, a counr of 853 is obra
Page 1372:
entering the standard deviations fr
Page 1376:
dose to the patient, nearly all nuc
Page 1380:
PhotomultipliertubesLucite light pi
Page 1384:
PulsesfromindividualPMTsAnalogJ....
Page 1388:
the object is moved yet farther fro
Page 1392:
TABLE 21-1. COMPARISON OF SINGLE·P
Page 1396:
Some types of collimators magnify (
Page 1400:
the product of three factors: the c
Page 1404:
() 0.5c CD"0If=CD.>
Page 1408:
TABLE 21-3. THE EFFECT OF INCREASIN
Page 1412:
6.4 mm at 10 cm from the collimator
Page 1416:
Digital'positionZ correctionlookup
Page 1420:
two ways that scintillation cametas
Page 1424:
quency of this testing depends on t
Page 1428:
ufacturers incorporate a computer f
Page 1432:
FirstimageSecondimageThirdimageFour
Page 1436:
pool image sequence, using T c-99m-
Page 1440:
adionuclides in patients, using a p
Page 1444:
mator, which never enjoyed wide acc
Page 1448:
heads of a SPECT system produced id
Page 1452:
0.50.4CD"0:e0.3c.E 0.2
Page 1456:
No AttenuationCorrectionAttenuation
Page 1460:
camera heads that revolve about the
Page 1464:
In planar nuclear imaging, radioact
Page 1468:
FIGURE 22-10. Image of a cylinder f
Page 1472:
TABLE 22-1. RECOMMENDED SCHEDULE FO
Page 1476:
Design and Principles Of OperationA
Page 1480:
2 by 2 arrayof PMTs~Slits cut intoB
Page 1484:
To detect coincidences, the times o
Page 1488:
DetectorelementsSeptalcollimatorrin
Page 1492:
J......... ······~~~~~I thiC
Page 1496:
FIGURE 22-23. Attenuationin PET. Th
Page 1500:
511-keV collimators and because the
Page 1504:
A system provided by another vendor
Page 1508:
Madsen MT. The AAPM/RSNA physics tu
Page 1514:
It is incumbent upon all individual
Page 1518:
(5 mrad/hr), which is approximately
Page 1522:
combustible fuels, including coal a
Page 1526:
TABLE 23-3. AVERAGE ANNUAL OCCUPATI
Page 1530:
TABLE 23-6. ANNUAL GENETICALLY SIGN
Page 1534:
with conventional x-ray film, radia
Page 1538:
FIGURE 23-3. A small chip of LiF (r
Page 1542:
Method Measures Useful rangePermane
Page 1546:
FIGURE 23-6. Portable ion chamber.
Page 1550:
Inverse Square LawE 2 = E 1 (0 1 /0
Page 1554:
adherence to the methods in NCRP re
Page 1558:
espective distances to the point in
Page 1562:
Exposure per week contributed by th
Page 1566:
Primary, scatter, and leakage radia
Page 1570:
IStairwaygQlc..>c19'" 00Waitingarea
Page 1574:
e the minimal thickness recommended
Page 1578:
Personnel Protection in Diagnostic
Page 1582:
TABLE 23-14. EXPOSURE RATE CONSTANT
Page 1586:
Filtration of the polychromatic x-r
Page 1590:
out ABC. Some systems have a high e
Page 1594:
the physician with the ability to m
Page 1598:
nologist in the correct selection o
Page 1602:
ination should remove their protect
Page 1606:
labeled with 1-131. 1-131 decays wi
Page 1610:
Phosphorus-32 is used for the radio
Page 1614:
clides are the "Standards for Prote
Page 1618:
TABLE 23-18. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COM
Page 1622:
National Council on Radiation Prote
Page 1628:
section 3.5). The old term for ener
Page 1632:
TABLE 24-3. ABSORBED DOSES TO SELEC
Page 1636:
Medical x-ray imaging procedures su
Page 1640:
mAs, and the distance from x-ray so
Page 1644:
FIGURE 24-3. The geometry fordeterm
Page 1648:
FIGURE 24-4. Illustration ofSourceo
Page 1652:
FIGURE 24-6. The cumulated activity
Page 1656:
TABLE 24-9. VARIABLES IN THE MIRD S
Page 1660:
not currently require manufacturers
Page 1664:
TABLE 25-1. DETERMINANTS OF BIOLOGI
Page 1668:
Radia~?/ 1'{"l20 H+ ow\ Ionization
Page 1672:
cific ionization (i.e., ionization
Page 1676:
chromatid aberrations. Unlike chrom
Page 1680:
10~n ,,,,,,C), ,,I:Dq'S; 1.0 ------
Page 1684:
ClC 1.0oS;o~::JCJ)~G)0-0C0:;:;(JCIS
Page 1688:
mediated through free radical produ
Page 1692:
Radiationdose~~ANSYS~Dose too---. D
Page 1696:
to normal within 2 to 3 months. If
Page 1700:
dose delivered over a protracted pe
Page 1704:
diseases such as ataxia telangiecta
Page 1708:
The stages of the neurovascular syn
Page 1712:
Most of the radiation-induced biolo
Page 1716:
adiation, such as radiofrequency ra
Page 1720:
TABLE 25-7. SUMMARY OF MAJOR EPIDEM
Page 1724:
,.,,. ,,.,,.,,.ỊI"", ,I, IIIIIII"
Page 1728:
Radiationexposure1-",,II, II,,III,
Page 1732:
the overall risk and relative proba
Page 1736:
times greater risk for development
Page 1740:
Estimating Genetic RiskThe genetica
Page 1744:
sure, owing principally to the rela
Page 1748:
1/3 for mice). Nevertheless, develo
Page 1752:
Numberoccurring fromnatural causesE
Page 1756:
Prenatal death(Some survivors,no in
Page 1762:
APPENDICES
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OriginalVector (V)InternationalSyst
Page 1772:
PotentialEnergyPotential energy is
Page 1776:
When a charged particle is placed i
Page 1780:
The joule is a rather large unit of
Page 1784:
The band theory of solids explains
Page 1788:
FIGURE A-7. A spinning charge has a
Page 1792:
Magnetic field moving towards wire
Page 1796:
Static magnetic fieldRotating curre
Page 1802:
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS, PREFIXES,GEOMET
Page 1806:
Appendix B: Physical Constants, Pre
Page 1810:
MASS ATTENUATIONCOEFFICIENTS AND SP
Page 1814:
Appendix C: Mass Attenuation Coeffi
Page 1818:
Page 1822:
Page 1826:
C.6 MAMMOGRAPHY SPECTRA: Rh/RhTABLE
Page 1830:
Appendix Co' Mass Attenuation Coeff
Page 1834:
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALCHARACTERISTICS
Page 1838:
1251Albumin (ONI) IV N/A -20 mL blo
Page 1842:
153Sm Lexidronam, also IV over a 1-
Page 1846:
-90% of dose excreted in 3 hr. Prep
Page 1850:
99mTc-basedmyocardial perfusion age
Page 1854:
99mTcMacroaggregated 0.16 ts 0.0161
Page 1858:
TABLE D-4. ABSORBED DOSE ESTIMATES
Page 1864:
914 Section V: AppendicesMedical Ph
Page 1868:
ASCII. See American Standard Code f
Page 1872:
DDAC. See Digital-to-analog convert
Page 1876:
Electronic switchltimer, exposure t
Page 1880:
Image magnification, spatial resolu
Page 1884:
Magnetic resonance imaging (contd.)
Page 1888:
Phased array, ultrasound, 490Phosph
Page 1892:
Radiation detection (contd)gas-fill
Page 1896:
Shoe marks, processor artifacts, 18
Page 1900:
Two dimensional multi planar acquis
Page 1906:
"Nope '" no sign of YOur kitten, Ma
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