Bush__The_Essential_Physics_for_Medical_Imaging - Biomedical ...

Recommendations

Info

Phosphorus-32 is used for the radio nuclide therapy of polycythemia vera,malignant effusion, and other diseases. strontium-89 chloride is used to treatintractable pain from metastatic bone disease. The primary radiation safety precautionfor these radio nuclide therapies is contamination control. For example, thewound and bandages at the site of an intraabdominal instillation ofP-32 should bechecked regularly for leakage. The blood and urine will be contaminated and universalprecautions should be observed. Exposure rates from patients treated withpure beta emitters like P-32 are not significant. Likewise the exposure rate frompatients treated with sr-89 are insignificant compared to the risk of contamination.Radioactive material use regulations require "cradle to grave" control of all radiationsources. A license from a state or federal regulatoty agency is required to possess and useradioactive materials in medicine. The license will specifY a number of program elements,including the operational details of the radiation safety program. The license willspecifY the individual responsible for assuring compliance with all radiation safety regulations(called the "radiation safety officer"), as well as procedures and record-keepingrequirements for radioactive material receipt, transportation, use, and disposal. Largerinstitutions will have a health physics department and a Radiation Safety Committeethat oversees the radiation safety program. The Radiation Safety Committee comprisesthe radiation safety officer and representatives from departments with substantial radiationand radioactive material use (e.g., nuclear medicine, diagnostic radiology, radiationoncology, and nursing) as well as representation from hospital administration.Minimizing radioactive waste is an increasingly important element of radioactivematerial use. Fortunately, most radionuclides used in nuclear medicine have shorthalf-lives that allow them to be held until they have decayed. As a rule, radioactivematerial is held for at least 10 half-lives and then surveyed with an appropriate radi-
Page 14:
Preface xvAcknowledgmentsForeword x
Page 18:
Chapter 9: Fluoroscopy 2319.1 Funct
Page 22:
16.3 Transducers 48316.4 Beam Prope
Page 26:
B.3 Radiological Data for Elements
Page 32:
We are deeply grateful to that part
Page 38:
Can medical physics be interesting
Page 46:
INTRODUCTION TO MEDICALIMAGINGMedic
Page 50:
FIGURE 1-2. The chest x-ray is them
Page 54:
FIGURE 1-4. A computed tomography (
Page 58:
angles around the patient. These pr
Page 62:
FIGURE '-8. Sagittal (upper left),
Page 66:
ducer, which records the returning
Page 70:
TABLE 1-1. THE LIMITING SPATIAL RES
Page 76:
WAVELENGTH(nanometers)FREQUENCY(her
Page 80:
The physical properties of the most
Page 84:
The energy required to remove an el
Page 88:
An electron cascade does not always
Page 92:
160150140130120110100N
Page 96:
The binding energy can be calculate
Page 102:
INTERACTION OF RADIATIONWITH MATTER
Page 106:
x10 3 7becomes electrically neutral
Page 110:
Electrons can undergo inelastic int
Page 114:
The nuclide produced by neutron abs
Page 118:
Compton scattering results in the i
Page 122:
CharacteristicX-rays:A: 0.6 keV (N~
Page 126:
10030 \~ r.." Photoelectric Effect
Page 130:
Attenuation is the removal of photo
Page 134:
The relationship between material d
Page 138:
HVL). Most practical applications o
Page 142:
MFP = 1- = __ 1__ = 1.44 HVLI.l 0.6
Page 146:
For x- and gamma rays, kerma can be
Page 150:
1 R = 2.58 X 10- 4 C/kg (exactly)Ra
Page 154:
TABLE 3-4. RADIATION WEIGHTING FACT
Page 158:
TABLE 3-6. RADIOLOGICAL QUANTITIES,
Page 162:
Computers were originally designed
Page 166:
TABLE 4-2. CONVERSION OF 42 (DECIMA
Page 170:
Binary Representationof Signed Inte
Page 174:
Chapter 4: Computers in Medical Ima
Page 178:
TABLE 4-5. MAXIMAL ERRORS WHEN DIFF
Page 182:
Main memory is used for these funct
Page 186:
A CPU fetches and executes the inst
Page 190:
FIGURE 4-6. Hard-disk drive. Aread/
Page 194:
Table 4-6 compares the characterist
Page 198:
erwise identical, the computer with
Page 202:
function, such as a disk head crash
Page 206:
Scintillation camera planarSPECTPET
Page 210:
(1.4 MB/disk)(l,024 2 bytes/MB)/[(6
Page 214:
DAC converts each digital number to
Page 218:
UnpolarizedlightHorizontallypolariz
Page 222:
FIGURE 4-15. Graphs of four transla
Page 226:
For example, it is often useful to
Page 234:
X-RAY PRODUCTION, X-RAYTUBES, AND G
Page 238:
1 _2 -3-1Impact with nucleus:Maximu
Page 242:
FIGURE 5-4. Generation of a charact
Page 246:
Cable sockets ~FIGURE 5-6. The majo
Page 250:
~C1.61.41.2 _~ 1.0::l0 0.8Q).00.62-
Page 254:
Rotor~~ ~+-statorFIGURE 5-11. The a
Page 258:
There are three major tradeoffs to
Page 262:
FIGURE 5-16. Various tools allow me
Page 266:
5.3 X-RAY TUBE INSERT, TUBE HOUSING
Page 270:
TABLE 5-3. MINIMUM HALF VALUE LAYER
Page 274:
Induced electronflow in conductorRe
Page 278:
Power is the rate of energy product
Page 282:
used to modulate voltage, autotrans
Page 286:
mAand mAscontrolPhototimercircuitsF
Page 290:
(a)Electron flow through single rec
Page 294:
asic components of a single-phase t
Page 298:
In three-phase generator designs, h
Page 302:
greater overall input power). Next,
Page 306:
nected to the contactors that dose
Page 310:
600500~5 4001:~•..=:l()300Q).0=:l
Page 314:
100% Ripple \5% Ripple /\ ••.-
Page 318:
TABLE 5-6. X-RAY TUBE FOCAL SPOTSIZ
Page 322:
Chapter 5: X-Ray Production, X-Ray
Page 326:
of the chart. Like the single-expos
Page 330:
Projection radiography, the first r
Page 334:
IEi\\i~eFIGURE 6-2. The sides andhe
Page 338:
sure on the screens, the cassette m
Page 342:
version efficiency, the approximate
Page 346:
(and vice versa). This phenomenon i
Page 350:
~80o"-'"{)' 70c.~ 60lij 50c.240 .
Page 354:
film OD. If the screen is made thic
Page 358:
Film has excellent spatial resoluti
Page 362:
-(/l~ 2.0-c:8 1.51.0-(/l~ 2.0-c:8 1
Page 366:
educed latitude. The shaded region
Page 370:
TABLE 6-2. TISSUE HALF-VALUELAYERS
Page 374:
PrimaryScatterFIGURE 6-22. A: Scatt
Page 378:
ferent locations from within the pa
Page 382:
lar to the direction of the slits.
Page 386:
FIGURE 6-30. Air gap geometry canre
Page 392:
silver halidecrystalssensitivityspe
Page 396:
•FIGURE 7-3. The fate of an expos
Page 400:
DeveloperActivatorRestrainerPreserv
Page 404:
increased too much because the numb
Page 408:
can be achieved. Film manufacturers
Page 412:
Modern x-ray equipment is computer
Page 416:
wee en0.25Ol0U. 0.20+Q)(f) 0.15COCO
Page 422:
Mammography is a radiographic exami
Page 426:
Other modalities that have been use
Page 430:
plished by magnetic induction. A so
Page 434:
ReferenceAxisCentra0AxisProjectedfo
Page 438:
30 kVp26 kVp30 kVp26 kVp(b)2.01.81.
Page 442:
OJE 25.E(fl.9 20o~ 15"'___ to 45 x
Page 446:
TABLE 8-2. REQUIREMENTS FOR MINIMUM
Page 450:
TerminationCircuitFIGURE 8-15. The
Page 454:
simulations and experimental measur
Page 458:
1.21.11.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.
Page 462:
2!£.= 1.85 xSODSOD35cmSID65cmOlD30
Page 466:
Film BaseFilm EmulsionPhosphor Scre
Page 470:
equiring a compensatory increase in
Page 474:
0.25 -Base + Fog0.20Density 0.150.1
Page 478:
characteristic curves, the correspo
Page 482:
achieving a pixel size at the image
Page 486:
Chapter 8: Mammography 223TABLE 8-6
Page 490:
ifies that the mammography facility
Page 494:
TABLE 8-9. SUMMARY TABLE OF ANNUAL
Page 498:
preting radiologists, mammography t
Page 504:
with the fluoroscopy imaging chain
Page 508:
FIGURE 9-4. A scanningelectron micr
Page 512:
cm 2 area of the 9-inch-diameter in
Page 516:
_ 100~I 20 em patient ~~•.... _~-
Page 520:
Video CamerasGeneral OperationThe c
Page 524:
FIGURE 9-11. The flat panelimaging
Page 528:
higher. Cine radiography uses very
Page 532:
put, and consequently frame averagi
Page 536:
contrast" selections on the console
Page 540:
specific applications, such as GIIG
Page 544:
3'2'E~wtJ)w 0.3~,======_o~"~~--;~ _
Page 548:
time estimate of the amount of radi
Page 552:
.~! ~i !j t--------------Ij• •s
Page 556:
'E 2O . O 80(,)~ 100_70-~0CIlIIIr::
Page 560:
40003500CIl 3000::s~ 2500CIlB 2000U
Page 564:
can be radically changed. Therefore
Page 568:
FIGURE 10-10. A: An isometric displ
Page 572:
FIGURE 10-13. Some physical mechani
Page 576:
some clinical applications, the blu
Page 580:
would correspond to 1 cycle/mm. If
Page 584:
I;:' 0.6irI-:!: 0.41.0 2.0 3.0 4.0S
Page 588:
or stochastic component into the im
Page 592:
~~2IIIs:::I I>o40 60 80 100 120 140
Page 596:
The term quantum is defined as "som
Page 600:
Stage Description System P System Q
Page 604:
.g tides:eis.Ec(~ co~o o 2 4 6 8 10
Page 608:
detectorelements[-I I detector aper
Page 612:
Since most patient anatomy does not
Page 616:
detail curves are commonly used in
Page 620:
actually calls nor-The specificity
Page 626:
Digital radiographic image receptor
Page 630:
-8 0.8:J:=~0.6«g! 0.4:;:;ellGi0::
Page 634:
to a very bright light source, whic
Page 638:
Lens Coupled Intensifying ScreenFIG
Page 642:
discretedetectorelementsFIGURE 11-7
Page 646:
light sensitive areaFill Factor = a
Page 650:
for digital stereotactic biopsy. Br
Page 654:
Because the slot width (4 mm) is mu
Page 658:
One of the advantages of having an
Page 662:
ness. Windowing and leveling of a d
Page 666:
nel is called a delta function,anyw
Page 670:
pixels are averaged to go from a 51
Page 674:
Geometric tomography, also called b
Page 678:
ground anatomy causes geometric tom
Page 682:
of relatively rapid readout, allowi
Page 686:
system, the amount of vascular sten
Page 690:
dual-energy subtraction is availabl
Page 696:
point on the image. Consequently, w
Page 700:
FIGURE 13-3. Computedtomographic (C
Page 704:
FIGURE 13-5. First-generation (rota
Page 708:
FIGURE 13-7. Third-generation (rota
Page 712:
FIGURE 13-10. The fan beam geometry
Page 716:
helical x-ray tubepath around patie
Page 720:
septa that separate the individual
Page 724:
detector array modules. With a trad
Page 728:
Slice Thickness: MultipleDetector A
Page 732:
This implies that the upper limit o
Page 736:
FIGURE 13-22. An image of a test ob
Page 740:
The constant ~t factors out, result
Page 744:
6 8A+B=77 A+C=6A+D=57 B+C=9B+D=8C+D
Page 748:
simple backprojection, p(x) is back
Page 752:
The units for the x-axis in Fig. 13
Page 756:
msec is preprocessed, mathematicall
Page 760:
FIGURE 13-33. The coronal, sagittal
Page 764:
ware through the volume data set, f
Page 768:
of CT slices. The MSAD could be mea
Page 772:
position along torsoFIGURE 13-37. D
Page 776:
Factors AffectingSpatial Resolution
Page 780:
x-ray beam hardeningFIGURE 13-38. T
Page 784:
FIGURE 13-41. A partialvolume artif
Page 788:
motion of the electrons in either a
Page 792:
Biologically relevant elements that
Page 796:
FIGURE 14-4. A: A single proton pre
Page 800:
FIGURE 14-5. A: The laboratory fram
Page 804:
magnetic field are separated by an
Page 808:
8 1 at Larmor FrequencyzMot:/81....
Page 812:
The "decay" of the FID envelope is
Page 816:
method to determine the T1 time of
Page 820:
50 msec). Molecular motion, size, a
Page 824:
TEI'I180 0 EchoRotatingframe./FID s
Page 828:
--_. unsaturatedpartiallysaturated:
Page 832:
the figure on the left (longitudina
Page 836:
Imageintensit)GrayWhiteFat1000 2000
Page 840:
TRTERFpulses90 0readout~~~~~~--n~18
Page 844:
Transverse decay (T2)Imageintensit~
Page 848:
Rotating frame../FIGURE 14-29. Grad
Page 852:
very shortTR. In these two regimes,
Page 856:
FIGURE 14-32. A spoiled transverse
Page 860:
acquired. Because the BOLD sequence
Page 864:
412 Section II: Diagnostic Radiolog
Page 870:
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING(MRI)The
Page 874:
Net gradient = ~G 2 + G 2 + G 2x Y
Page 878:
strength, an applied RF pulse with
Page 882:
FIGURE 15-7. The width of the sinc
Page 886:
1•1 cycle/em :1::UAmplitude: 1.0~
Page 890:
positionally dependent phase shift
Page 894:
xImage (grayscalevalue)FIGURE 15-14
Page 898:
8. The final image is a spatial rep
Page 902:
~.......--, ----J+*-.J4~====~_~~.\-
Page 906:
FEG n n n IL.-ct--Echo ,I.16 ms 32
Page 910:
ing time is approximately equal to
Page 914:
sition of the signals (Fig. 15-24),
Page 918:
this is unacceptable for standard c
Page 922:
FIGURE 15-27. Evolution of a narrow
Page 926:
Unsaturated spins: high signalFlow-
Page 930:
volume and places this value in the
Page 934:
In MRI, artifacts manifest as posit
Page 938:
·······i..··I·I~IdealFIGU
Page 942:
FIGURE 15-33. A single bad pixel in
Page 946:
On Tl-weighted images of the head,
Page 950:
A higher frequency encode gradient
Page 954:
c:~...:L~"'FOii·"·"""~·~- ~; t--
Page 958:
purely resistive system is the abil
Page 962:
RF coils create the B 1 field that
Page 966:
86~~ c:~"0~"0m0::214Axial distance
Page 970:
15-2. Qualitative and quantitative
Page 974:
RF exposure causes heating of tissu
Page 980:
Transducer/ ArrayInterrogate bodywi
Page 984:
and its resistance to being com-ulu
Page 988:
are determined by the imaging appli
Page 992:
TABLE 16-2. DECIBEL VALUES. INTENSI
Page 996:
ZI = PICI~~IncidentReflection(echo)
Page 1000:
When C2 > Cl, the angle of transmis
Page 1004:
Penetrationdepth, cm(Distance trave
Page 1008:
Plastic CaseMetal shieldAcoustic ab
Page 1012:
~ ----+thicktransducer~ ----+thintr
Page 1016:
intermediate to those of soft tissu
Page 1020:
Linear ArraysLinear array transduce
Page 1024:
sound beam path is thus largely con
Page 1028:
phase differences of adjacent beams
Page 1032:
III ¢ __ Red;e'vane';ons-~Thicknes
Page 1036:
FIGURE 16-22. Axial resolution iseq
Page 1040:
One way to accomplish this is to ac
Page 1044:
Ultrasound equipment is rapidly evo
Page 1048:
TABLE 16-6. TYPICAL PRF, PRp, AND D
Page 1052:
(3) Demodulation and"Envelope" dete
Page 1056:
systems, and digitally in high-end
Page 1060:
drifted easily and were unstable ov
Page 1064:
State-of-the-art ultrasound scanner
Page 1068:
Image Frame Rate and Spatial Sampli
Page 1072:
els of gray scale. Image storage (w
Page 1076:
Based on the harmonic imaging work
Page 1080:
FIGURE 16-40. Conventional (left) a
Page 1084:
exactly phase reversed, and their s
Page 1088:
FIGURE 16-43. Three-dimensional ult
Page 1092:
occasionally induced by environment
Page 1096:
LiverBoundarydisplacementFIGURE 16-
Page 1100:
Blood moving towards transducerprod
Page 1104:
The continuous-wave Doppler system
Page 1108:
DopplerSignalLow frequencyDoppler s
Page 1112:
eam is aligned at a particular orie
Page 1116:
information is displayed on the vid
Page 1120:
Transducerarray &BeamFormerPulse-ec
Page 1124:
FIGURE 16-54. A comparison of color
Page 1128:
c024VerticalbandE 60..c8-0..(])0 10
Page 1132:
TABLE 16-8. RECOMMENDED QC TESTS FO
Page 1136:
In the pulsed mode of ultrasound op
Page 1140:
ecommends adherence to the ALARA pr
Page 1146:
COMPUTER NETWORKS, PACS,AND TELERAD
Page 1150:
tions protocols. Failure to conform
Page 1154:
The most common LAN medium is Ether
Page 1158:
nodes are both on the same segment
Page 1162:
physics/text will obtain, from a se
Page 1166:
can be programmed to read the traff
Page 1170:
CT North EJCT04_MRG1-:::S:::(Toshib
Page 1174:
a laser and the other using a colli
Page 1178:
(14 x 17 inch) film should be digit
Page 1182:
equipped with specialized software
Page 1186:
The storage may be centralized (i.e
Page 1190:
FIGURE 17-10. Interpretationworksta
Page 1194:
Spatial linearity (freedom from spa
Page 1198:
the faces of the monitors, and to a
Page 1202:
Disadvantagesof PACS1. Initial and
Page 1206:
ital portions of the system can deg
Page 1214:
RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEARTRANSFORMA
Page 1218:
TABLE 18-3. PHYSICAL HALF-LIFE (Tp1
Page 1222:
A plot on a lineat axis of activity
Page 1226:
Although the ~- particles emitted b
Page 1230:
The capture of an orbital electron
Page 1234:
RADON-220Alpha DecayT 1/2 = 55 seco
Page 1238:
TECHNETIUM 99MIsomeric TransitionT1
Page 1242:
RADIONUCLIDE PRODUCTION ANDRADIOPHA
Page 1246:
continue to acquire kinetic energy,
Page 1250:
come the nuclear binding forces. Th
Page 1254:
duced), the reactor is said to be s
Page 1258:
chemically separated from other fis
Page 1262:
FIGURE 19-7. Picture of a "wet" mol
Page 1266:
een achieved, the daughter activity
Page 1270:
feres with the preparation of some
Page 1274:
high abundance (94%), their low ene
Page 1278:
Cell SequestrationRBCs are withdraw
Page 1282:
ReceptorBindingThis class of radiop
Page 1286:
closure of alternative treatments;
Page 1290:
RADIATION DETECTION ANDMEASUREMENTT
Page 1294:
Q)•..III•..a:c~010,000800060004
Page 1298:
This equation can be written as fol
Page 1302:
LimitedGeiger-MuellerRegionProporti
Page 1306:
Unlike ion chambers, which can func
Page 1310:
as well. However, most photodiodes
Page 1314:
Chapter 20: Radiation Detection and
Page 1318:
tional to the intensity of the ligh
Page 1322:
"=@ @=@=II "II II II=@-@=@=II II II
Page 1326:
tional to the energies deposited in
Page 1330:
changing the voltage produced by th
Page 1334:
X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy wi
Page 1338:
gamma rays deposit exactly the same
Page 1342:
trum on the left shows a large phot
Page 1346:
FIGURE 20-23. Thyroid probe system.
Page 1350:
FIGURE 20-26. Automatic gamma wellc
Page 1354:
FIGURE 20-27. Dose calibrator. Thed
Page 1358:
The concentration of Mo-99 is most
Page 1362:
Toss of a coinToss of a dieObservat
Page 1366:
TABLE 20-3. FRACTIONAL ERRORS(PERCE
Page 1370:
Multiplication of a number with ran
Page 1374:
NUCLEAR IMAGING-THESCINTILLATION CA
Page 1378:
FIGURE 21-1. Modern rectangular hea
Page 1382:
PulsesfromindividualPMTsPositioncir
Page 1386:
Image in crystal. .LTtTTTlT1llT1TT.
Page 1390:
FIGURE 21-7. Ways that x- and gamma
Page 1394:
front of the collimated camera. Sol
Page 1398:
distant point source if the collima
Page 1402:
TABLE 21-2. TYPICAL INTRINSIC PERFO
Page 1406:
spatial resolution improves (narrow
Page 1410:
LEHRFan-beamPinhole5 10 15 20 25Obj
Page 1414:
X and Y correctionlookup tablesDigi
Page 1418:
methods for measuring the camera pe
Page 1422:
tangle. The MCA-type display presen
Page 1426:
lution collimator may improve spati
Page 1430:
Pairs of digitalposition signalsX 3
Page 1434:
Image Processing in Nuclear Medicin
Page 1438:
FIGURE 21-25. End-diastolic (top) a
Page 1442:
NUCLEAR IMAGING-EMISSIONTOMOGRAPHYT
Page 1446:
FIGURE 22-1 (continued). (B) double
Page 1450:
\- -, ffIffIffIffIffI\\\,\\ , \\fIf
Page 1454:
FIGURE 22-5. SPEeT images created b
Page 1458:
time, attenuation correction in SPE
Page 1462:
Radial~-~IIIIIIIIIIIICenterf----at-
Page 1466:
FIGURE 22-9. Center-of-rotation (CO
Page 1470:
FIGURE 22-11. Head tilt. The camera
Page 1474:
These phantoms are very useful for
Page 1478:
FIGURE 22-15. True coincidence (lef
Page 1482:
TABLE 22-2. PROPERTIES OF SEVERAL I
Page 1486:
elatively low conversion efficiency
Page 1490:
equire less activity to be administ
Page 1494:
Source containingpositron-emitterDD
Page 1498:
RodSourceFIGURE 22-24. Rod source f
Page 1502:
Some cameras are equipped with filt
Page 1506:
Factors Affecting the Availability
Page 1510:
RADIATIONDOSIMETRY,PROTECTION,AND B
Page 1516:
is exposed to cosmic radiation near
Page 1520:
TABLE 23-1. ESTIMATED AVERAGE TOTAL
Page 1524:
TABLE 23-2. ESTIMATED AVERAGE ANNUA
Page 1528:
TABLE 23-5. SUMMARY OF THE ANNUAL C
Page 1532:
Terrestrial28 mremlyrInternal40 mre
Page 1536:
Most film badges can record doses f
Page 1540:
Gamma or X-Ray(Ionization)Digital p
Page 1544:
isfy the majority of the requiremen
Page 1548:
TABLE 23-8. TYPICAL EXPOSURE RATE A
Page 1552:
TABLE 23-9. EFFECT OF DISTANCE ON E
Page 1556:
FIGURE 23-8. The varioussources of
Page 1560: ~ 20~E~(§) 15~ii:.s 1025-.:- 20"*
Page 1564: 0.75); other walls and ceiling have
Page 1568: and solving for T yields the requir
Page 1572: and the corresponding closest dista
Page 1576: Ị ..2cQ)(.)0.!!!.E 0,gQ)(.)c.l9(/
Page 1580: constant (expressed in units of R-c
Page 1584: FIGURE 23-13. Dose preparation work
Page 1588: (e.g., a 400-speed screen-film rece
Page 1592: Figure 23-14 shows a severe skin in
Page 1596: protocols (mAs values) are adjusted
Page 1600: of each workday) and wipe tests (ty
Page 1604: TABLE 23-17. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CE
Page 1608: Eo = initial exposure rate (~15 min
Page 1614: clides are the "Standards for Prote
Page 1618: TABLE 23-18. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COM
Page 1622: National Council on Radiation Prote
Page 1628: section 3.5). The old term for ener
Page 1632: TABLE 24-3. ABSORBED DOSES TO SELEC
Page 1636: Medical x-ray imaging procedures su
Page 1640: mAs, and the distance from x-ray so
Page 1644: FIGURE 24-3. The geometry fordeterm
Page 1648: FIGURE 24-4. Illustration ofSourceo
Page 1652: FIGURE 24-6. The cumulated activity
Page 1656: TABLE 24-9. VARIABLES IN THE MIRD S
Page 1660:
not currently require manufacturers
Page 1664:
TABLE 25-1. DETERMINANTS OF BIOLOGI
Page 1668:
Radia~?/ 1'{"l20 H+ ow\ Ionization
Page 1672:
cific ionization (i.e., ionization
Page 1676:
chromatid aberrations. Unlike chrom
Page 1680:
10~n ,,,,,,C), ,,I:Dq'S; 1.0 ------
Page 1684:
ClC 1.0oS;o~::JCJ)~G)0-0C0:;:;(JCIS
Page 1688:
mediated through free radical produ
Page 1692:
Radiationdose~~ANSYS~Dose too---. D
Page 1696:
to normal within 2 to 3 months. If
Page 1700:
dose delivered over a protracted pe
Page 1704:
diseases such as ataxia telangiecta
Page 1708:
The stages of the neurovascular syn
Page 1712:
Most of the radiation-induced biolo
Page 1716:
adiation, such as radiofrequency ra
Page 1720:
TABLE 25-7. SUMMARY OF MAJOR EPIDEM
Page 1724:
,.,,. ,,.,,.,,.ỊI"", ,I, IIIIIII"
Page 1728:
Radiationexposure1-",,II, II,,III,
Page 1732:
the overall risk and relative proba
Page 1736:
times greater risk for development
Page 1740:
Estimating Genetic RiskThe genetica
Page 1744:
sure, owing principally to the rela
Page 1748:
1/3 for mice). Nevertheless, develo
Page 1752:
Numberoccurring fromnatural causesE
Page 1756:
Prenatal death(Some survivors,no in
Page 1762:
APPENDICES
Page 1768:
OriginalVector (V)InternationalSyst
Page 1772:
PotentialEnergyPotential energy is
Page 1776:
When a charged particle is placed i
Page 1780:
The joule is a rather large unit of
Page 1784:
The band theory of solids explains
Page 1788:
FIGURE A-7. A spinning charge has a
Page 1792:
Magnetic field moving towards wire
Page 1796:
Static magnetic fieldRotating curre
Page 1802:
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS, PREFIXES,GEOMET
Page 1806:
Appendix B: Physical Constants, Pre
Page 1810:
MASS ATTENUATIONCOEFFICIENTS AND SP
Page 1814:
Appendix C: Mass Attenuation Coeffi
Page 1818:
Page 1822:
Page 1826:
C.6 MAMMOGRAPHY SPECTRA: Rh/RhTABLE
Page 1830:
Appendix Co' Mass Attenuation Coeff
Page 1834:
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALCHARACTERISTICS
Page 1838:
1251Albumin (ONI) IV N/A -20 mL blo
Page 1842:
153Sm Lexidronam, also IV over a 1-
Page 1846:
-90% of dose excreted in 3 hr. Prep
Page 1850:
99mTc-basedmyocardial perfusion age
Page 1854:
99mTcMacroaggregated 0.16 ts 0.0161
Page 1858:
TABLE D-4. ABSORBED DOSE ESTIMATES
Page 1864:
914 Section V: AppendicesMedical Ph
Page 1868:
ASCII. See American Standard Code f
Page 1872:
DDAC. See Digital-to-analog convert
Page 1876:
Electronic switchltimer, exposure t
Page 1880:
Image magnification, spatial resolu
Page 1884:
Magnetic resonance imaging (contd.)
Page 1888:
Phased array, ultrasound, 490Phosph
Page 1892:
Radiation detection (contd)gas-fill
Page 1896:
Shoe marks, processor artifacts, 18
Page 1900:
Two dimensional multi planar acquis
Page 1906:
"Nope '" no sign of YOur kitten, Ma
show all

Bush__The_Essential_Physics_for_Medical_Imaging - Biomedical ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?