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C: GeometryArea of circleCircumference of circleSurface area of sphereVolume of sphereArea of triangle1 radianm 22nr4nr 2(4/3)nr 3(1/2) height x base360 0 /2n = 57.2958 degreesEnergy1 electron volt (eV)1 calorie1.6021 X 10- 19 joule4.187 joulePower1 kilowatt (kW)Current1 ampere1 ampereVolume1 U.S. gallon1 liter (L)Temperature°C (Celsius)of (Fahrenheit)oK (Kelvin)1 coulomb/s6.281 x 10 18 electrons/s3.7853 L1000 cm 35/9 x (OF - 32)9/5 x °C + 32°C + 273.16Mass1 poundLength1 inch1 inchRadiologic Units1 roentgen (R)1 roentgen (R)1 roentgen (R)1 roentgen (R)1 mGy air kerma1 gray (Gy)1 sievert (Sv)1 curie (Ci)25.4 mm2.54 cm2.58 X 10-4 coulomb/kg8.708 mGy air kerma (@30 kVp)8.767 mGy air kerma (@60 kVp)8.883 mGy air kerma (@100 kVp)0.114 roentgen (@60 kVp)100 rad100 rem3.7 x 10 10 becquerel (Bq)
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Preface xvAcknowledgmentsForeword x
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Chapter 9: Fluoroscopy 2319.1 Funct
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16.3 Transducers 48316.4 Beam Prope
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B.3 Radiological Data for Elements
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We are deeply grateful to that part
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Can medical physics be interesting
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INTRODUCTION TO MEDICALIMAGINGMedic
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FIGURE 1-2. The chest x-ray is them
Page 54:
FIGURE 1-4. A computed tomography (
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angles around the patient. These pr
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FIGURE '-8. Sagittal (upper left),
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ducer, which records the returning
Page 70:
TABLE 1-1. THE LIMITING SPATIAL RES
Page 76:
WAVELENGTH(nanometers)FREQUENCY(her
Page 80:
The physical properties of the most
Page 84:
The energy required to remove an el
Page 88:
An electron cascade does not always
Page 92:
160150140130120110100N
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The binding energy can be calculate
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INTERACTION OF RADIATIONWITH MATTER
Page 106:
x10 3 7becomes electrically neutral
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Electrons can undergo inelastic int
Page 114:
The nuclide produced by neutron abs
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Compton scattering results in the i
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CharacteristicX-rays:A: 0.6 keV (N~
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10030 \~ r.." Photoelectric Effect
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Attenuation is the removal of photo
Page 134:
The relationship between material d
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HVL). Most practical applications o
Page 142:
MFP = 1- = __ 1__ = 1.44 HVLI.l 0.6
Page 146:
For x- and gamma rays, kerma can be
Page 150:
1 R = 2.58 X 10- 4 C/kg (exactly)Ra
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TABLE 3-4. RADIATION WEIGHTING FACT
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TABLE 3-6. RADIOLOGICAL QUANTITIES,
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Computers were originally designed
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TABLE 4-2. CONVERSION OF 42 (DECIMA
Page 170:
Binary Representationof Signed Inte
Page 174:
Chapter 4: Computers in Medical Ima
Page 178:
TABLE 4-5. MAXIMAL ERRORS WHEN DIFF
Page 182:
Main memory is used for these funct
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A CPU fetches and executes the inst
Page 190:
FIGURE 4-6. Hard-disk drive. Aread/
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Table 4-6 compares the characterist
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erwise identical, the computer with
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function, such as a disk head crash
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Scintillation camera planarSPECTPET
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(1.4 MB/disk)(l,024 2 bytes/MB)/[(6
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DAC converts each digital number to
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UnpolarizedlightHorizontallypolariz
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FIGURE 4-15. Graphs of four transla
Page 226:
For example, it is often useful to
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X-RAY PRODUCTION, X-RAYTUBES, AND G
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1 _2 -3-1Impact with nucleus:Maximu
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FIGURE 5-4. Generation of a charact
Page 246:
Cable sockets ~FIGURE 5-6. The majo
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~C1.61.41.2 _~ 1.0::l0 0.8Q).00.62-
Page 254:
Rotor~~ ~+-statorFIGURE 5-11. The a
Page 258:
There are three major tradeoffs to
Page 262:
FIGURE 5-16. Various tools allow me
Page 266:
5.3 X-RAY TUBE INSERT, TUBE HOUSING
Page 270:
TABLE 5-3. MINIMUM HALF VALUE LAYER
Page 274:
Induced electronflow in conductorRe
Page 278:
Power is the rate of energy product
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used to modulate voltage, autotrans
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mAand mAscontrolPhototimercircuitsF
Page 290:
(a)Electron flow through single rec
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asic components of a single-phase t
Page 298:
In three-phase generator designs, h
Page 302:
greater overall input power). Next,
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nected to the contactors that dose
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600500~5 4001:~•..=:l()300Q).0=:l
Page 314:
100% Ripple \5% Ripple /\ ••.-
Page 318:
TABLE 5-6. X-RAY TUBE FOCAL SPOTSIZ
Page 322:
Chapter 5: X-Ray Production, X-Ray
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of the chart. Like the single-expos
Page 330:
Projection radiography, the first r
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IEi\\i~eFIGURE 6-2. The sides andhe
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sure on the screens, the cassette m
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version efficiency, the approximate
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(and vice versa). This phenomenon i
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~80o"-'"{)' 70c.~ 60lij 50c.240 .
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film OD. If the screen is made thic
Page 358:
Film has excellent spatial resoluti
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-(/l~ 2.0-c:8 1.51.0-(/l~ 2.0-c:8 1
Page 366:
educed latitude. The shaded region
Page 370:
TABLE 6-2. TISSUE HALF-VALUELAYERS
Page 374:
PrimaryScatterFIGURE 6-22. A: Scatt
Page 378:
ferent locations from within the pa
Page 382:
lar to the direction of the slits.
Page 386:
FIGURE 6-30. Air gap geometry canre
Page 392:
silver halidecrystalssensitivityspe
Page 396:
•FIGURE 7-3. The fate of an expos
Page 400:
DeveloperActivatorRestrainerPreserv
Page 404:
increased too much because the numb
Page 408:
can be achieved. Film manufacturers
Page 412:
Modern x-ray equipment is computer
Page 416:
wee en0.25Ol0U. 0.20+Q)(f) 0.15COCO
Page 422:
Mammography is a radiographic exami
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Other modalities that have been use
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plished by magnetic induction. A so
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ReferenceAxisCentra0AxisProjectedfo
Page 438:
30 kVp26 kVp30 kVp26 kVp(b)2.01.81.
Page 442:
OJE 25.E(fl.9 20o~ 15"'___ to 45 x
Page 446:
TABLE 8-2. REQUIREMENTS FOR MINIMUM
Page 450:
TerminationCircuitFIGURE 8-15. The
Page 454:
simulations and experimental measur
Page 458:
1.21.11.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.
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2!£.= 1.85 xSODSOD35cmSID65cmOlD30
Page 466:
Film BaseFilm EmulsionPhosphor Scre
Page 470:
equiring a compensatory increase in
Page 474:
0.25 -Base + Fog0.20Density 0.150.1
Page 478:
characteristic curves, the correspo
Page 482:
achieving a pixel size at the image
Page 486:
Chapter 8: Mammography 223TABLE 8-6
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ifies that the mammography facility
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TABLE 8-9. SUMMARY TABLE OF ANNUAL
Page 498:
preting radiologists, mammography t
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with the fluoroscopy imaging chain
Page 508:
FIGURE 9-4. A scanningelectron micr
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cm 2 area of the 9-inch-diameter in
Page 516:
_ 100~I 20 em patient ~~•.... _~-
Page 520:
Video CamerasGeneral OperationThe c
Page 524:
FIGURE 9-11. The flat panelimaging
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higher. Cine radiography uses very
Page 532:
put, and consequently frame averagi
Page 536:
contrast" selections on the console
Page 540:
specific applications, such as GIIG
Page 544:
3'2'E~wtJ)w 0.3~,======_o~"~~--;~ _
Page 548:
time estimate of the amount of radi
Page 552:
.~! ~i !j t--------------Ij• •s
Page 556:
'E 2O . O 80(,)~ 100_70-~0CIlIIIr::
Page 560:
40003500CIl 3000::s~ 2500CIlB 2000U
Page 564:
can be radically changed. Therefore
Page 568:
FIGURE 10-10. A: An isometric displ
Page 572:
FIGURE 10-13. Some physical mechani
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some clinical applications, the blu
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would correspond to 1 cycle/mm. If
Page 584:
I;:' 0.6irI-:!: 0.41.0 2.0 3.0 4.0S
Page 588:
or stochastic component into the im
Page 592:
~~2IIIs:::I I>o40 60 80 100 120 140
Page 596:
The term quantum is defined as "som
Page 600:
Stage Description System P System Q
Page 604:
.g tides:eis.Ec(~ co~o o 2 4 6 8 10
Page 608:
detectorelements[-I I detector aper
Page 612:
Since most patient anatomy does not
Page 616:
detail curves are commonly used in
Page 620:
actually calls nor-The specificity
Page 626:
Digital radiographic image receptor
Page 630:
-8 0.8:J:=~0.6«g! 0.4:;:;ellGi0::
Page 634:
to a very bright light source, whic
Page 638:
Lens Coupled Intensifying ScreenFIG
Page 642:
discretedetectorelementsFIGURE 11-7
Page 646:
light sensitive areaFill Factor = a
Page 650:
for digital stereotactic biopsy. Br
Page 654:
Because the slot width (4 mm) is mu
Page 658:
One of the advantages of having an
Page 662:
ness. Windowing and leveling of a d
Page 666:
nel is called a delta function,anyw
Page 670:
pixels are averaged to go from a 51
Page 674:
Geometric tomography, also called b
Page 678:
ground anatomy causes geometric tom
Page 682:
of relatively rapid readout, allowi
Page 686:
system, the amount of vascular sten
Page 690:
dual-energy subtraction is availabl
Page 696:
point on the image. Consequently, w
Page 700:
FIGURE 13-3. Computedtomographic (C
Page 704:
FIGURE 13-5. First-generation (rota
Page 708:
FIGURE 13-7. Third-generation (rota
Page 712:
FIGURE 13-10. The fan beam geometry
Page 716:
helical x-ray tubepath around patie
Page 720:
septa that separate the individual
Page 724:
detector array modules. With a trad
Page 728:
Slice Thickness: MultipleDetector A
Page 732:
This implies that the upper limit o
Page 736:
FIGURE 13-22. An image of a test ob
Page 740:
The constant ~t factors out, result
Page 744:
6 8A+B=77 A+C=6A+D=57 B+C=9B+D=8C+D
Page 748:
simple backprojection, p(x) is back
Page 752:
The units for the x-axis in Fig. 13
Page 756:
msec is preprocessed, mathematicall
Page 760:
FIGURE 13-33. The coronal, sagittal
Page 764:
ware through the volume data set, f
Page 768:
of CT slices. The MSAD could be mea
Page 772:
position along torsoFIGURE 13-37. D
Page 776:
Factors AffectingSpatial Resolution
Page 780:
x-ray beam hardeningFIGURE 13-38. T
Page 784:
FIGURE 13-41. A partialvolume artif
Page 788:
motion of the electrons in either a
Page 792:
Biologically relevant elements that
Page 796:
FIGURE 14-4. A: A single proton pre
Page 800:
FIGURE 14-5. A: The laboratory fram
Page 804:
magnetic field are separated by an
Page 808:
8 1 at Larmor FrequencyzMot:/81....
Page 812:
The "decay" of the FID envelope is
Page 816:
method to determine the T1 time of
Page 820:
50 msec). Molecular motion, size, a
Page 824:
TEI'I180 0 EchoRotatingframe./FID s
Page 828:
--_. unsaturatedpartiallysaturated:
Page 832:
the figure on the left (longitudina
Page 836:
Imageintensit)GrayWhiteFat1000 2000
Page 840:
TRTERFpulses90 0readout~~~~~~--n~18
Page 844:
Transverse decay (T2)Imageintensit~
Page 848:
Rotating frame../FIGURE 14-29. Grad
Page 852:
very shortTR. In these two regimes,
Page 856:
FIGURE 14-32. A spoiled transverse
Page 860:
acquired. Because the BOLD sequence
Page 864:
412 Section II: Diagnostic Radiolog
Page 870:
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING(MRI)The
Page 874:
Net gradient = ~G 2 + G 2 + G 2x Y
Page 878:
strength, an applied RF pulse with
Page 882:
FIGURE 15-7. The width of the sinc
Page 886:
1•1 cycle/em :1::UAmplitude: 1.0~
Page 890:
positionally dependent phase shift
Page 894:
xImage (grayscalevalue)FIGURE 15-14
Page 898:
8. The final image is a spatial rep
Page 902:
~.......--, ----J+*-.J4~====~_~~.\-
Page 906:
FEG n n n IL.-ct--Echo ,I.16 ms 32
Page 910:
ing time is approximately equal to
Page 914:
sition of the signals (Fig. 15-24),
Page 918:
this is unacceptable for standard c
Page 922:
FIGURE 15-27. Evolution of a narrow
Page 926:
Unsaturated spins: high signalFlow-
Page 930:
volume and places this value in the
Page 934:
In MRI, artifacts manifest as posit
Page 938:
·······i..··I·I~IdealFIGU
Page 942:
FIGURE 15-33. A single bad pixel in
Page 946:
On Tl-weighted images of the head,
Page 950:
A higher frequency encode gradient
Page 954:
c:~...:L~"'FOii·"·"""~·~- ~; t--
Page 958:
purely resistive system is the abil
Page 962:
RF coils create the B 1 field that
Page 966:
86~~ c:~"0~"0m0::214Axial distance
Page 970:
15-2. Qualitative and quantitative
Page 974:
RF exposure causes heating of tissu
Page 980:
Transducer/ ArrayInterrogate bodywi
Page 984:
and its resistance to being com-ulu
Page 988:
are determined by the imaging appli
Page 992:
TABLE 16-2. DECIBEL VALUES. INTENSI
Page 996:
ZI = PICI~~IncidentReflection(echo)
Page 1000:
When C2 > Cl, the angle of transmis
Page 1004:
Penetrationdepth, cm(Distance trave
Page 1008:
Plastic CaseMetal shieldAcoustic ab
Page 1012:
~ ----+thicktransducer~ ----+thintr
Page 1016:
intermediate to those of soft tissu
Page 1020:
Linear ArraysLinear array transduce
Page 1024:
sound beam path is thus largely con
Page 1028:
phase differences of adjacent beams
Page 1032:
III ¢ __ Red;e'vane';ons-~Thicknes
Page 1036:
FIGURE 16-22. Axial resolution iseq
Page 1040:
One way to accomplish this is to ac
Page 1044:
Ultrasound equipment is rapidly evo
Page 1048:
TABLE 16-6. TYPICAL PRF, PRp, AND D
Page 1052:
(3) Demodulation and"Envelope" dete
Page 1056:
systems, and digitally in high-end
Page 1060:
drifted easily and were unstable ov
Page 1064:
State-of-the-art ultrasound scanner
Page 1068:
Image Frame Rate and Spatial Sampli
Page 1072:
els of gray scale. Image storage (w
Page 1076:
Based on the harmonic imaging work
Page 1080:
FIGURE 16-40. Conventional (left) a
Page 1084:
exactly phase reversed, and their s
Page 1088:
FIGURE 16-43. Three-dimensional ult
Page 1092:
occasionally induced by environment
Page 1096:
LiverBoundarydisplacementFIGURE 16-
Page 1100:
Blood moving towards transducerprod
Page 1104:
The continuous-wave Doppler system
Page 1108:
DopplerSignalLow frequencyDoppler s
Page 1112:
eam is aligned at a particular orie
Page 1116:
information is displayed on the vid
Page 1120:
Transducerarray &BeamFormerPulse-ec
Page 1124:
FIGURE 16-54. A comparison of color
Page 1128:
c024VerticalbandE 60..c8-0..(])0 10
Page 1132:
TABLE 16-8. RECOMMENDED QC TESTS FO
Page 1136:
In the pulsed mode of ultrasound op
Page 1140:
ecommends adherence to the ALARA pr
Page 1146:
COMPUTER NETWORKS, PACS,AND TELERAD
Page 1150:
tions protocols. Failure to conform
Page 1154:
The most common LAN medium is Ether
Page 1158:
nodes are both on the same segment
Page 1162:
physics/text will obtain, from a se
Page 1166:
can be programmed to read the traff
Page 1170:
CT North EJCT04_MRG1-:::S:::(Toshib
Page 1174:
a laser and the other using a colli
Page 1178:
(14 x 17 inch) film should be digit
Page 1182:
equipped with specialized software
Page 1186:
The storage may be centralized (i.e
Page 1190:
FIGURE 17-10. Interpretationworksta
Page 1194:
Spatial linearity (freedom from spa
Page 1198:
the faces of the monitors, and to a
Page 1202:
Disadvantagesof PACS1. Initial and
Page 1206:
ital portions of the system can deg
Page 1214:
RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEARTRANSFORMA
Page 1218:
TABLE 18-3. PHYSICAL HALF-LIFE (Tp1
Page 1222:
A plot on a lineat axis of activity
Page 1226:
Although the ~- particles emitted b
Page 1230:
The capture of an orbital electron
Page 1234:
RADON-220Alpha DecayT 1/2 = 55 seco
Page 1238:
TECHNETIUM 99MIsomeric TransitionT1
Page 1242:
RADIONUCLIDE PRODUCTION ANDRADIOPHA
Page 1246:
continue to acquire kinetic energy,
Page 1250:
come the nuclear binding forces. Th
Page 1254:
duced), the reactor is said to be s
Page 1258:
chemically separated from other fis
Page 1262:
FIGURE 19-7. Picture of a "wet" mol
Page 1266:
een achieved, the daughter activity
Page 1270:
feres with the preparation of some
Page 1274:
high abundance (94%), their low ene
Page 1278:
Cell SequestrationRBCs are withdraw
Page 1282:
ReceptorBindingThis class of radiop
Page 1286:
closure of alternative treatments;
Page 1290:
RADIATION DETECTION ANDMEASUREMENTT
Page 1294:
Q)•..III•..a:c~010,000800060004
Page 1298:
This equation can be written as fol
Page 1302:
LimitedGeiger-MuellerRegionProporti
Page 1306:
Unlike ion chambers, which can func
Page 1310:
as well. However, most photodiodes
Page 1314:
Chapter 20: Radiation Detection and
Page 1318:
tional to the intensity of the ligh
Page 1322:
"=@ @=@=II "II II II=@-@=@=II II II
Page 1326:
tional to the energies deposited in
Page 1330:
changing the voltage produced by th
Page 1334:
X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy wi
Page 1338:
gamma rays deposit exactly the same
Page 1342:
trum on the left shows a large phot
Page 1346:
FIGURE 20-23. Thyroid probe system.
Page 1350:
FIGURE 20-26. Automatic gamma wellc
Page 1354:
FIGURE 20-27. Dose calibrator. Thed
Page 1358:
The concentration of Mo-99 is most
Page 1362:
Toss of a coinToss of a dieObservat
Page 1366:
TABLE 20-3. FRACTIONAL ERRORS(PERCE
Page 1370:
Multiplication of a number with ran
Page 1374:
NUCLEAR IMAGING-THESCINTILLATION CA
Page 1378:
FIGURE 21-1. Modern rectangular hea
Page 1382:
PulsesfromindividualPMTsPositioncir
Page 1386:
Image in crystal. .LTtTTTlT1llT1TT.
Page 1390:
FIGURE 21-7. Ways that x- and gamma
Page 1394:
front of the collimated camera. Sol
Page 1398:
distant point source if the collima
Page 1402:
TABLE 21-2. TYPICAL INTRINSIC PERFO
Page 1406:
spatial resolution improves (narrow
Page 1410:
LEHRFan-beamPinhole5 10 15 20 25Obj
Page 1414:
X and Y correctionlookup tablesDigi
Page 1418:
methods for measuring the camera pe
Page 1422:
tangle. The MCA-type display presen
Page 1426:
lution collimator may improve spati
Page 1430:
Pairs of digitalposition signalsX 3
Page 1434:
Image Processing in Nuclear Medicin
Page 1438:
FIGURE 21-25. End-diastolic (top) a
Page 1442:
NUCLEAR IMAGING-EMISSIONTOMOGRAPHYT
Page 1446:
FIGURE 22-1 (continued). (B) double
Page 1450:
\- -, ffIffIffIffIffI\\\,\\ , \\fIf
Page 1454:
FIGURE 22-5. SPEeT images created b
Page 1458:
time, attenuation correction in SPE
Page 1462:
Radial~-~IIIIIIIIIIIICenterf----at-
Page 1466:
FIGURE 22-9. Center-of-rotation (CO
Page 1470:
FIGURE 22-11. Head tilt. The camera
Page 1474:
These phantoms are very useful for
Page 1478:
FIGURE 22-15. True coincidence (lef
Page 1482:
TABLE 22-2. PROPERTIES OF SEVERAL I
Page 1486:
elatively low conversion efficiency
Page 1490:
equire less activity to be administ
Page 1494:
Source containingpositron-emitterDD
Page 1498:
RodSourceFIGURE 22-24. Rod source f
Page 1502:
Some cameras are equipped with filt
Page 1506:
Factors Affecting the Availability
Page 1510:
RADIATIONDOSIMETRY,PROTECTION,AND B
Page 1516:
is exposed to cosmic radiation near
Page 1520:
TABLE 23-1. ESTIMATED AVERAGE TOTAL
Page 1524:
TABLE 23-2. ESTIMATED AVERAGE ANNUA
Page 1528:
TABLE 23-5. SUMMARY OF THE ANNUAL C
Page 1532:
Terrestrial28 mremlyrInternal40 mre
Page 1536:
Most film badges can record doses f
Page 1540:
Gamma or X-Ray(Ionization)Digital p
Page 1544:
isfy the majority of the requiremen
Page 1548:
TABLE 23-8. TYPICAL EXPOSURE RATE A
Page 1552:
TABLE 23-9. EFFECT OF DISTANCE ON E
Page 1556:
FIGURE 23-8. The varioussources of
Page 1560:
~ 20~E~(§) 15~ii:.s 1025-.:- 20"*
Page 1564:
0.75); other walls and ceiling have
Page 1568:
and solving for T yields the requir
Page 1572:
and the corresponding closest dista
Page 1576:
Ị ..2cQ)(.)0.!!!.E 0,gQ)(.)c.l9(/
Page 1580:
constant (expressed in units of R-c
Page 1584:
FIGURE 23-13. Dose preparation work
Page 1588:
(e.g., a 400-speed screen-film rece
Page 1592:
Figure 23-14 shows a severe skin in
Page 1596:
protocols (mAs values) are adjusted
Page 1600:
of each workday) and wipe tests (ty
Page 1604:
TABLE 23-17. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CE
Page 1608:
Eo = initial exposure rate (~15 min
Page 1612:
ation detector (typically a GM surv
Page 1616:
health issues that serve as the ref
Page 1620:
Exposure to airborne activity is al
Page 1626:
RADIATION DOSIMETRYOF THE PATIENTTh
Page 1630:
RadiographyFluoroscopyMammographyNu
Page 1634:
isks. The International Commission
Page 1638:
FIGURE 24-1. The geometry formeasur
Page 1642:
0.309 R x 173 mrad = 53.5 mradRDose
Page 1646:
TABLE 24-7. EFFECTIVE DOSE PER ENTR
Page 1650:
cumulated activity in each source o
Page 1654:
p p p p p -ABLE 24-8. Tc-99m S FACT
Page 1658:
Accuracy of Dose CalculationsAlthou
Page 1662:
Rarely have beneficial applications
Page 1666:
tenets in radiation biology is that
Page 1670:
dition at the time of irradiation,
Page 1674:
lead to carcinogenesis through acti
Page 1678:
anaphasic separation. The extent of
Page 1682:
paragraphs, including dose rate, LE
Page 1686:
.!!2Qi()OJC.;;.~::JCJ)15Qi.0E ::JZ1
Page 1690:
FIGURE 25-10. Phases of the cell'sr
Page 1694:
Specific Organ System ResponsesThis
Page 1698:
In general, the gonads are very rad
Page 1702:
TABLE 25-4. APPROXIMATE DOSE (INAIR
Page 1706:
for a measurable depression in the
Page 1710:
TABLE 25-5. SUMMARY OF THE STAGES,
Page 1714:
the integration of regulatory signa
Page 1718:
Atomic-bomb detonation exposures an
Page 1722:
Source: Adapted from National Acade
Page 1726:
Incidence in exposedpopulationSpont
Page 1730:
The National Academy of Sciences/Na
Page 1734:
OverviewLeukemiaof Specific Cancer
Page 1738:
older than 55 years of age. The ris
Page 1742:
irths in the succeeding generation,
Page 1746:
a specific organ system (the so-cal
Page 1750:
Similar effects have been reported
Page 1754: TABLE 25-12. ABSORBED DOSE mGy/MBq
Page 1758: Doll R, Wakeford F. Risk of childho
Page 1766: FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLESOF PHYSICSA.1
Page 1770: Mass. Length. and TimeMass is a mea
Page 1774: amount of charge in the system does
Page 1778: , Current·I·,\. ..:'~ ~.~--------
Page 1782: FIGURE A-5. A: Direct current. B: S
Page 1786: FIGURE A-6. Magnetic field descript
Page 1790: ElectromagneticInductionIn 1831, Mi
Page 1794: ing potential difference across the
Page 1798: as to cancel in pairs; however, in
Page 1806: Appendix B: Physical Constants, Pre
Page 1810: MASS ATTENUATIONCOEFFICIENTS AND SP
Page 1814: Appendix C: Mass Attenuation Coeffi
Page 1826: C.6 MAMMOGRAPHY SPECTRA: Rh/RhTABLE
Page 1830: Appendix Co' Mass Attenuation Coeff
Page 1834: RADIOPHARMACEUTICALCHARACTERISTICS
Page 1838: 1251Albumin (ONI) IV N/A -20 mL blo
Page 1842: 153Sm Lexidronam, also IV over a 1-
Page 1846: -90% of dose excreted in 3 hr. Prep
Page 1850: 99mTc-basedmyocardial perfusion age
Page 1854:
99mTcMacroaggregated 0.16 ts 0.0161
Page 1858:
TABLE D-4. ABSORBED DOSE ESTIMATES
Page 1864:
914 Section V: AppendicesMedical Ph
Page 1868:
ASCII. See American Standard Code f
Page 1872:
DDAC. See Digital-to-analog convert
Page 1876:
Electronic switchltimer, exposure t
Page 1880:
Image magnification, spatial resolu
Page 1884:
Magnetic resonance imaging (contd.)
Page 1888:
Phased array, ultrasound, 490Phosph
Page 1892:
Radiation detection (contd)gas-fill
Page 1896:
Shoe marks, processor artifacts, 18
Page 1900:
Two dimensional multi planar acquis
Page 1906:
"Nope '" no sign of YOur kitten, Ma
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