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1 _2 -3-1Impact with nucleus:Maximum energyFIGURE 5-2. Bremsstrahlung radiation arises from energetic electron interactions withan atomic nucleus of the target material. In a "close" approach, the positive nucleusattracts the negative electron, causing deceleration and redirection, resulting in a loss ofkinetic energy that is converted to an x-ray. The x-ray energy depends on the interactiondistance between the electron and the nucleus; it decreases as the distance increases.•.••.••.••.• / (a) Unfiltered bremsstrahlung spectrum•.. •.. •..""(b) Filtered bremsstrahlung spectrum•..•..•../•.. •.. •.. •.. •..90 keY maximal/ photon energyo 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Energy (keV)FIGURE 5-3. The bremsstrahlung energy distribution for a 90 kVp accelerationpotential. (a) The unfiltered bremsstrahlung spectrum (dashed line)shows a greater probability of low-energy x-ray photon production that isinversely linear with energy up to the maximum energy of 90 keY. (b) The filteredspectrum shows the preferential attenuation of the lowest-energy x-ray photons.
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Preface xvAcknowledgmentsForeword x
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Chapter 9: Fluoroscopy 2319.1 Funct
Page 22:
16.3 Transducers 48316.4 Beam Prope
Page 26:
B.3 Radiological Data for Elements
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We are deeply grateful to that part
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Can medical physics be interesting
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INTRODUCTION TO MEDICALIMAGINGMedic
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FIGURE 1-2. The chest x-ray is them
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FIGURE 1-4. A computed tomography (
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angles around the patient. These pr
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FIGURE '-8. Sagittal (upper left),
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ducer, which records the returning
Page 70:
TABLE 1-1. THE LIMITING SPATIAL RES
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WAVELENGTH(nanometers)FREQUENCY(her
Page 80:
The physical properties of the most
Page 84:
The energy required to remove an el
Page 88:
An electron cascade does not always
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160150140130120110100N
Page 96:
The binding energy can be calculate
Page 102:
INTERACTION OF RADIATIONWITH MATTER
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x10 3 7becomes electrically neutral
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Electrons can undergo inelastic int
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The nuclide produced by neutron abs
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Compton scattering results in the i
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CharacteristicX-rays:A: 0.6 keV (N~
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10030 \~ r.." Photoelectric Effect
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Attenuation is the removal of photo
Page 134:
The relationship between material d
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HVL). Most practical applications o
Page 142:
MFP = 1- = __ 1__ = 1.44 HVLI.l 0.6
Page 146:
For x- and gamma rays, kerma can be
Page 150:
1 R = 2.58 X 10- 4 C/kg (exactly)Ra
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TABLE 3-4. RADIATION WEIGHTING FACT
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TABLE 3-6. RADIOLOGICAL QUANTITIES,
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Computers were originally designed
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TABLE 4-2. CONVERSION OF 42 (DECIMA
Page 170:
Binary Representationof Signed Inte
Page 174:
Chapter 4: Computers in Medical Ima
Page 178:
TABLE 4-5. MAXIMAL ERRORS WHEN DIFF
Page 182:
Main memory is used for these funct
Page 186: A CPU fetches and executes the inst
Page 190: FIGURE 4-6. Hard-disk drive. Aread/
Page 194: Table 4-6 compares the characterist
Page 198: erwise identical, the computer with
Page 202: function, such as a disk head crash
Page 206: Scintillation camera planarSPECTPET
Page 210: (1.4 MB/disk)(l,024 2 bytes/MB)/[(6
Page 214: DAC converts each digital number to
Page 218: UnpolarizedlightHorizontallypolariz
Page 222: FIGURE 4-15. Graphs of four transla
Page 226: For example, it is often useful to
Page 234: X-RAY PRODUCTION, X-RAYTUBES, AND G
Page 240: Major factors that affect x-ray pro
Page 244: TABLE 5-2. K-SHELL CHARACTERISTIC X
Page 248: The focusing cup, also called the c
Page 252: Anode ConfigurationsX-ray tubes hav
Page 256: These and other factors determine t
Page 260: The effective focal spot length var
Page 264: The heel effect refers to a reducti
Page 268: As mentioned earlier, filtration is
Page 272: x-ray attenuation) mimics the x-ray
Page 276: mary winding") carries the input lo
Page 280: A simple autotransformer consists o
Page 284: the electron target (anode). The tr
Page 288:
some x-ray generators, preprogramme
Page 292:
independent of the polarity of the
Page 296:
f\f\v~/....•••..••,.\,II
Page 300:
130 Section II: Diagnostic Radiolog
Page 304:
Generator~Single-phase 1-pulse(self
Page 308:
FIGURE 5-34. Automatic exposure con
Page 312:
Therefore, the ourpur exposure incr
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TABLE 5-4. ROOT-MEAN-SQUAREVOLTAGE
Page 320:
Energy (J) = Root-mean-square volta
Page 324:
Previous exposures must also be con
Page 328:
1,6001,400OJc 1,200'00::::l0 1,000I
Page 332:
FIGURE 6-1. The basic geometry of p
Page 336:
Consideration of Equation 6-4 revea
Page 340:
FIGURE 6-5. A scanning electron mic
Page 344:
screenx-rays1x-rays1x-rays1emulsion
Page 348:
the use of dye is to design a phosp
Page 352:
\20 em Patient ~•...70oUGd2~S ~ .
Page 356:
emulsion film has a total mass thic
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axis), and the film OD at zero x-ra
Page 364:
2:' 2.5 ---'w c~ 2.0~ 1.5~ Q.o 1.00
Page 368:
exposure times the exposure rate is
Page 372:
.--... 3000?ft::- 1000(J)~C 300 -o(
Page 376:
504540~35 ..•..•.•en 30jg 25c
Page 380:
TABLE 6-3. ADDITIONAL PARAMETERS (N
Page 384:
Most artifacts associated with the
Page 390:
Film is a unique technology, born o
Page 394:
and eventually reach the film emuls
Page 398:
film outdryerFIGURE 7-4. The functi
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ActivatorClearing(hypo)agentHardene
Page 406:
guide shoes in the developer tank.
Page 410:
film transportrollerspolygonalmirro
Page 414:
FIGURE 7-10. The functional compone
Page 418:
manufacturer and the phosphor emplo
Page 424:
and craniocaudal views, are routine
Page 428:
CompressionpaddleGridScreen-filmPho
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Chestwall2:' 100%·00cQ)Cc-§ 50%..
Page 436:
with little contribution to the ima
Page 440:
energies not useful in forming the
Page 444:
120100NE.€80UJc:.90 60.J::.0-'" 4
Page 448:
40E 35
Page 452:
ference of 10% to 15% positive (gre
Page 456:
Scatter to Primary ratio:0.8 - 1.0S
Page 460:
Grids impose a dose penalty to comp
Page 464:
ation exposure is also necessary to
Page 468:
4fastLate 80'spresent~ 3·00 c:Q)0r
Page 472:
FIGURE 8-23. Film processor testing
Page 476:
4.54.0Cii 3.5~C 3.08 2.5C:.@ 2.0~ 1
Page 480:
x-shift2z: receptorto lesiondept.~_
Page 484:
megabytes, and four times that for
Page 488:
TABLE 8-7. AVERAGE GRANDUlAR DOSE I
Page 492:
226 Section II: Diagnostic Radiolog
Page 496:
FIGURE 8-30. A: The mammography acc
Page 502:
Fluoroscopy is an imaging procedure
Page 506:
inputwindowvacuumbottleinputscreenF
Page 510:
Ii\ !\,-.l,,....,. l'..-t-J..•.vF
Page 514:
For cardiac imaging, by comparison,
Page 518:
partial-silveredmirrorinfinitefocus
Page 522:
local variations in light intensity
Page 526:
Photo-Spot CamerasA photo-spot came
Page 530:
Many fluoroscopists practice aggres
Page 534:
the image constant at the monitor.
Page 538:
Field of View:cm (inches)14 (5.5)20
Page 542:
In the angiographic setting, the ta
Page 546:
50eaJ enaJ::> aJ0 cen -'"len en"0"0
Page 550:
IMAGE QUALITYImage quality is a gen
Page 554:
trast in the resultant image) can o
Page 558:
.a- 2.5.iij~ 2.0c~ 1.5ao 1.02 3Expo
Page 562:
246 8Tissue Thickness (cm)FIGURE 10
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puter to the display hardware itsel
Page 570:
FIGURE 10-12. A: An isometric plot
Page 574:
tor, it will appear life size (magn
Page 578:
of the resolution performance of th
Page 582:
wave serves as an input to a hypoth
Page 586:
11111111 11I1 111I 1111 1111--FIGUR
Page 590:
c 40f:5!:c 30o'0t 20 .cE:lZ120 140H
Page 594:
A,0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0Position (
Page 598:
In all medical x-ray imaging, we wa
Page 602:
FIGURE 10-30. A circular signal is
Page 606:
to the calculation of the noise pow
Page 610:
less than twice per cycle, and it w
Page 614:
The sine-shaped MTF for a detector
Page 618:
not just one feature or number, but
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--normal••••• m •••
Page 628:
for each exposure. The imaging plat
Page 632:
about 85% BaFBr and 15% BaFI, activ
Page 636:
charge packetsmove in unisonreadout
Page 640:
Flat panel detector systems make us
Page 644:
wires in Fig. 11-8), and the gate i
Page 648:
scintillator(CSI)~TFT detector elem
Page 652:
individual images from each camera
Page 656:
When film-screen image receptors ar
Page 660:
FIGURE 11-13. The raw and corrected
Page 664:
If I'(x,y) > Thigh, then I'(x,y) =
Page 668:
When the 3 X 3 kernel containing al
Page 672:
same time, and to archive images us
Page 676:
FIGURE 12-1. The motion ofthe x-ray
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larger tissue volume is exposed. Th
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cient of jivessel, the mask image (
Page 688:
3E+3 2E+3I3E+3Ẹ E 2E+3~ 2E+3 ~Ql~
Page 694:
Computed tomography (CT) is in its
Page 698:
FIGURE 13-2. A pixel (picture eleme
Page 702:
--I.....Lobject--I.....L-imageacqui
Page 706:
Pencil BeamGeometryFan BeamGeometry
Page 710:
ll:llIidlllidlllielltll:llIi:tlloll
Page 714:
FIGURE 13-11. A schematic diagram o
Page 718:
FIGURE 13-13. Multiple detector arr
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cally 0.10 to 0.20 mm on each side.
Page 726:
5 to 10 mm with the same x-ray tech
Page 730:
Pitch is a parameter that comes to
Page 734:
FIGURE 13-20. The sinogram is an im
Page 738:
The raw data acquired by a CT scann
Page 742:
lesion~CT# I !, ,c... Z ~ominal sli
Page 746:
esents an individual measurement of
Page 750:
in the data, but in x-ray images th
Page 754:
titative CT techniques can be used
Page 758:
W = 4095, L = 1048 W=600,L=-100 W =
Page 762:
FIGURE 13-34. A volume-rendered ima
Page 766:
ent than in radiography, because of
Page 770:
TABLE 13-1. TYPICAL COMPUTED TOMOGR
Page 774:
the high SNR detected in the thinne
Page 778:
Patient motion: If there is involun
Page 782:
FIGURE 13-40. A: A beam-hardening a
Page 786:
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is
Page 790:
conceptualized as the number of mag
Page 794:
Spinning proton withdipole magnetic
Page 798:
TABLE 14-3. GYROMAGNETIC RATIO FOR
Page 802:
FIGURE 14-6. Longitudinal magnetiza
Page 806:
From the classical physics viewpoin
Page 810:
ways. A 90-degree angle provides th
Page 814:
spin-spin interactions by themselve
Page 818:
:~Med~;:rtV~~OUS:Small, aqueous:~ ~
Page 822:
FatLiverMuscleWhite matterGray matt
Page 826:
90 0pulse180 0pulse180 0pulse180 0p
Page 830:
The equation shows that for the sam
Page 834:
Mz 1,Longitudinal recovery (T1 )Ima
Page 838:
TABLE 14-5. SPIN ECHO PULSE SEQUENC
Page 842:
tization when a short TI is used. T
Page 846:
FIGURE 14-28. Magnetic resonance se
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generated with smaller flip angles
Page 854:
FIGURE 14-31. A steady-state gradie
Page 858:
Even-echo rephasing is a phenomenon
Page 862:
loss than those of lesser water mob
Page 866:
Price RR. The AAPM/RSNA physics tut
Page 872:
Linear changein magnetic fieldSuper
Page 876:
TABLE 15-1. PRECESSIONAL FREQUENCY
Page 880:
- 0-40 -30 -20 -10 10 20 30 40(1)-0
Page 884:
Frequency Encode GradientThe freque
Page 888:
Position of the spins in the third
Page 892:
15.2 "K-SPACE" DATA ACQUISITION AND
Page 896:
RF pulses~ _J!~e_a~ Yd~h_qi!.t~r:e_
Page 900:
peripheral areas (Fig. 15-16E) isol
Page 904:
Acquired data:% matrix + 1 lineD-f
Page 908:
TR180 0excitation90 0readout180 0re
Page 912:
"effective" echo time occurs at a t
Page 916:
15.3 THREE-DIMENSIONAL FOURIER TRAN
Page 920:
Signal·to-NoiseRatioThe signal-to-
Page 924:
image acquisition. Eddy currents ar
Page 928:
of the blood. Since the detectable
Page 932:
YTExcitation I-- I#1TExcitation 1--
Page 936:
Magnetic susceptibility can be quit
Page 940:
computeroptimizedprofile"rectangula
Page 944:
since the evolution of the echo sig
Page 948:
3-4 ppm difference, fat-5 ppm diffe
Page 952:
Frequency synthesis of object (harm
Page 956:
15.7 INSTRUMENTATIONMagnetThe magne
Page 960:
Permanent magnets rely on the ferro
Page 964:
Superconductive magnets produce ext
Page 968:
TABLE 15-2. RECOMMENDED QUALITY CON
Page 972:
TABLE 15-3. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAG
Page 978:
Ultrasound is the term that describ
Page 982:
"Plane-piston"mechanicaldisplacemen
Page 986:
FIGURE 16-3. Ultrasound wavelength
Page 990:
Sound energy causes particle displa
Page 994:
TABLE 16-3. ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE, Z =
Page 998:
TABLE 16-4. PRESSURE AND REFLECTION
Page 1002:
echoes typically have similar echo
Page 1006:
The echo intensity is one hundredth
Page 1010:
Equilibrium:No surface chargeEquili
Page 1014:
i] ,A0.8 0.9 10 1.1flf O"[:f: L~0.5
Page 1018:
then filled with an epoxy resin to
Page 1022:
Transducer elementDiameter, dLength
Page 1026:
and 36.4 cm, respectively. Lateral
Page 1030:
SummedSignalFIGURE 16-18. Dynamic r
Page 1034:
amplitude of the peripheral transdu
Page 1038:
Phased arraytransducerLateral -reso
Page 1042:
iUnderstanding ultrasonic image for
Page 1046:
teristics of the transducer element
Page 1050:
Pre-amplificationand swept gainI Di
Page 1054:
OJ'0~BeforeTGC 0.E
Page 1058:
---------_+-Time...................
Page 1062:
FIGURE 16-33. Articulating arm B-mo
Page 1066:
eturning echoes. The ultrasound bea
Page 1070:
apher must consider the compromises
Page 1074:
Ultrasound Contrast AgentsUltrasoun
Page 1078:
Harmonics build in relative intensi
Page 1082:
Linear components(tissue)Non-linear
Page 1086:
Mechanical:Transducer~Rotating acou
Page 1090:
(width and height, respectively) of
Page 1094:
(i\ I)ThroughtransmissionLow _" Hig
Page 1098:
MirrorimageFIGURE 16-44 (continued)
Page 1102:
error by neglecting the velocity of
Page 1106:
shift measurement because a narrow
Page 1110:
Each Doppler pulse does not contain
Page 1114:
t IE«-f maxo~ __ Frequency(Velocit
Page 1118:
AliasingAliasing, as described earl
Page 1122:
speed of sound. Measured velocity (
Page 1126:
6E0.s:::. 8-a.low scatter targets d
Page 1130:
horizontal targets (lateral resolut
Page 1134:
ultrasound used to enhance image qu
Page 1138:
Thermal and mechanical indices of u
Page 1142:
10'" ..!2 ES>-+"'"00 cQ)E+"'0.110 1
Page 1148:
cylindrical cable with a central co
Page 1152:
On most networks today, when two no
Page 1156:
sic (nonswitched) forms of Ethernet
Page 1160:
lion distinct addresses. The first
Page 1164:
Typical data transfer rates of mode
Page 1168:
Picture Archiving and Communication
Page 1172:
TeleradiologyTeleradiology can prov
Page 1176:
DigitalImageFIGURE 17-6. Charge-cou
Page 1180:
serving nuclear medicine, whereas a
Page 1184:
Multi-terabyteArchiveFIGURE 17-8. R
Page 1188:
computer or by specialized hardware
Page 1192:
Standard viewboxMammography viewbox
Page 1196:
An application program on the works
Page 1200:
CollimatorlensiBeammodulatorFIGURE
Page 1204:
An example of a fault-tolerant stra
Page 1210:
NUCLEARMEDICINE
Page 1216:
TABLE 18-1. UNITS AND PREFIXES ASSO
Page 1220:
II25 ~--------20 : :III12.5 . - - -
Page 1224:
Beta-minus (~-) decay, or negatron
Page 1228:
When they lose all (or most) of the
Page 1232:
Each radionuclide's decay process i
Page 1236:
MOL YBDENUM-99Beta-Minus DecayT1/2
Page 1240:
FLUORINE-18Electron Capture and Bet
Page 1244:
Alternating {_Voltage ~Magnetic fie
Page 1248:
FIGURE 19-3. Hospital-based cyclotr
Page 1252:
The total energy released by the nu
Page 1256:
Radiation DetectorsNeutron Beam Hol
Page 1260:
ProductionmethodNuclear reactor Nuc
Page 1264:
that shows details of the generator
Page 1268:
10087.5..•..•.-c::Q)u•..Q)D.-
Page 1272:
TABLE 19-3. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC
Page 1276:
septa (see Chapter 21). A radiophar
Page 1280:
mediated by the energy-dependent Na
Page 1284:
depending on the solvent, either re
Page 1288:
(ii) The total dosage (i.e., admini
Page 1292:
nal. For other applications, photog
Page 1296:
are often operated in current mode
Page 1300:
20.2 GAS-FILLED DETECTORSBasic Prin
Page 1304:
Because gas multiplication does not
Page 1308:
is extensively used in biomedical r
Page 1312:
constituent elements and their low
Page 1316:
visiblelight -...photon+photocathod
Page 1320:
In crystalline materials, electrons
Page 1324:
of the diode and the negative polar
Page 1328:
FIGURE 20-13. Function of asingle-c
Page 1332:
Nal (TI)crystal..-r--..IIIIPMT...-r
Page 1336:
Spectrum of Cesium-137The spectrum
Page 1340:
with the emission of a 140.5-keV ga
Page 1344:
FIGURE 20-22. Pulse pileup.The dash
Page 1348:
distance, typically 20 to 25 cm, fr
Page 1352:
its samples ofI-125 and Co-57 to ac
Page 1356:
Dose Calibrator Quality AssuranceBe
Page 1360:
Two measures of the central tendenc
Page 1364:
4Number of SuccessesFIGURE 20-28. B
Page 1368:
For example, a counr of 853 is obra
Page 1372:
entering the standard deviations fr
Page 1376:
dose to the patient, nearly all nuc
Page 1380:
PhotomultipliertubesLucite light pi
Page 1384:
PulsesfromindividualPMTsAnalogJ....
Page 1388:
the object is moved yet farther fro
Page 1392:
TABLE 21-1. COMPARISON OF SINGLE·P
Page 1396:
Some types of collimators magnify (
Page 1400:
the product of three factors: the c
Page 1404:
() 0.5c CD"0If=CD.>
Page 1408:
TABLE 21-3. THE EFFECT OF INCREASIN
Page 1412:
6.4 mm at 10 cm from the collimator
Page 1416:
Digital'positionZ correctionlookup
Page 1420:
two ways that scintillation cametas
Page 1424:
quency of this testing depends on t
Page 1428:
ufacturers incorporate a computer f
Page 1432:
FirstimageSecondimageThirdimageFour
Page 1436:
pool image sequence, using T c-99m-
Page 1440:
adionuclides in patients, using a p
Page 1444:
mator, which never enjoyed wide acc
Page 1448:
heads of a SPECT system produced id
Page 1452:
0.50.4CD"0:e0.3c.E 0.2
Page 1456:
No AttenuationCorrectionAttenuation
Page 1460:
camera heads that revolve about the
Page 1464:
In planar nuclear imaging, radioact
Page 1468:
FIGURE 22-10. Image of a cylinder f
Page 1472:
TABLE 22-1. RECOMMENDED SCHEDULE FO
Page 1476:
Design and Principles Of OperationA
Page 1480:
2 by 2 arrayof PMTs~Slits cut intoB
Page 1484:
To detect coincidences, the times o
Page 1488:
DetectorelementsSeptalcollimatorrin
Page 1492:
J......... ······~~~~~I thiC
Page 1496:
FIGURE 22-23. Attenuationin PET. Th
Page 1500:
511-keV collimators and because the
Page 1504:
A system provided by another vendor
Page 1508:
Madsen MT. The AAPM/RSNA physics tu
Page 1514:
It is incumbent upon all individual
Page 1518:
(5 mrad/hr), which is approximately
Page 1522:
combustible fuels, including coal a
Page 1526:
TABLE 23-3. AVERAGE ANNUAL OCCUPATI
Page 1530:
TABLE 23-6. ANNUAL GENETICALLY SIGN
Page 1534:
with conventional x-ray film, radia
Page 1538:
FIGURE 23-3. A small chip of LiF (r
Page 1542:
Method Measures Useful rangePermane
Page 1546:
FIGURE 23-6. Portable ion chamber.
Page 1550:
Inverse Square LawE 2 = E 1 (0 1 /0
Page 1554:
adherence to the methods in NCRP re
Page 1558:
espective distances to the point in
Page 1562:
Exposure per week contributed by th
Page 1566:
Primary, scatter, and leakage radia
Page 1570:
IStairwaygQlc..>c19'" 00Waitingarea
Page 1574:
e the minimal thickness recommended
Page 1578:
Personnel Protection in Diagnostic
Page 1582:
TABLE 23-14. EXPOSURE RATE CONSTANT
Page 1586:
Filtration of the polychromatic x-r
Page 1590:
out ABC. Some systems have a high e
Page 1594:
the physician with the ability to m
Page 1598:
nologist in the correct selection o
Page 1602:
ination should remove their protect
Page 1606:
labeled with 1-131. 1-131 decays wi
Page 1610:
Phosphorus-32 is used for the radio
Page 1614:
clides are the "Standards for Prote
Page 1618:
TABLE 23-18. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COM
Page 1622:
National Council on Radiation Prote
Page 1628:
section 3.5). The old term for ener
Page 1632:
TABLE 24-3. ABSORBED DOSES TO SELEC
Page 1636:
Medical x-ray imaging procedures su
Page 1640:
mAs, and the distance from x-ray so
Page 1644:
FIGURE 24-3. The geometry fordeterm
Page 1648:
FIGURE 24-4. Illustration ofSourceo
Page 1652:
FIGURE 24-6. The cumulated activity
Page 1656:
TABLE 24-9. VARIABLES IN THE MIRD S
Page 1660:
not currently require manufacturers
Page 1664:
TABLE 25-1. DETERMINANTS OF BIOLOGI
Page 1668:
Radia~?/ 1'{"l20 H+ ow\ Ionization
Page 1672:
cific ionization (i.e., ionization
Page 1676:
chromatid aberrations. Unlike chrom
Page 1680:
10~n ,,,,,,C), ,,I:Dq'S; 1.0 ------
Page 1684:
ClC 1.0oS;o~::JCJ)~G)0-0C0:;:;(JCIS
Page 1688:
mediated through free radical produ
Page 1692:
Radiationdose~~ANSYS~Dose too---. D
Page 1696:
to normal within 2 to 3 months. If
Page 1700:
dose delivered over a protracted pe
Page 1704:
diseases such as ataxia telangiecta
Page 1708:
The stages of the neurovascular syn
Page 1712:
Most of the radiation-induced biolo
Page 1716:
adiation, such as radiofrequency ra
Page 1720:
TABLE 25-7. SUMMARY OF MAJOR EPIDEM
Page 1724:
,.,,. ,,.,,.,,.ỊI"", ,I, IIIIIII"
Page 1728:
Radiationexposure1-",,II, II,,III,
Page 1732:
the overall risk and relative proba
Page 1736:
times greater risk for development
Page 1740:
Estimating Genetic RiskThe genetica
Page 1744:
sure, owing principally to the rela
Page 1748:
1/3 for mice). Nevertheless, develo
Page 1752:
Numberoccurring fromnatural causesE
Page 1756:
Prenatal death(Some survivors,no in
Page 1762:
APPENDICES
Page 1768:
OriginalVector (V)InternationalSyst
Page 1772:
PotentialEnergyPotential energy is
Page 1776:
When a charged particle is placed i
Page 1780:
The joule is a rather large unit of
Page 1784:
The band theory of solids explains
Page 1788:
FIGURE A-7. A spinning charge has a
Page 1792:
Magnetic field moving towards wire
Page 1796:
Static magnetic fieldRotating curre
Page 1802:
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS, PREFIXES,GEOMET
Page 1806:
Appendix B: Physical Constants, Pre
Page 1810:
MASS ATTENUATIONCOEFFICIENTS AND SP
Page 1814:
Appendix C: Mass Attenuation Coeffi
Page 1818:
Page 1822:
Page 1826:
C.6 MAMMOGRAPHY SPECTRA: Rh/RhTABLE
Page 1830:
Appendix Co' Mass Attenuation Coeff
Page 1834:
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALCHARACTERISTICS
Page 1838:
1251Albumin (ONI) IV N/A -20 mL blo
Page 1842:
153Sm Lexidronam, also IV over a 1-
Page 1846:
-90% of dose excreted in 3 hr. Prep
Page 1850:
99mTc-basedmyocardial perfusion age
Page 1854:
99mTcMacroaggregated 0.16 ts 0.0161
Page 1858:
TABLE D-4. ABSORBED DOSE ESTIMATES
Page 1864:
914 Section V: AppendicesMedical Ph
Page 1868:
ASCII. See American Standard Code f
Page 1872:
DDAC. See Digital-to-analog convert
Page 1876:
Electronic switchltimer, exposure t
Page 1880:
Image magnification, spatial resolu
Page 1884:
Magnetic resonance imaging (contd.)
Page 1888:
Phased array, ultrasound, 490Phosph
Page 1892:
Radiation detection (contd)gas-fill
Page 1896:
Shoe marks, processor artifacts, 18
Page 1900:
Two dimensional multi planar acquis
Page 1906:
"Nope '" no sign of YOur kitten, Ma
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