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discretedetectorelementsFIGURE 11-7. A flat panel detectorarray comprises a large number of discretedetector elements. Each detectorelement contains both a Iightsensitivearea and a region that holdselectronic components.......Multiplexer----------------C> DigitizerCharge AmplifierR1FIGURE 11-8. This figure illustrates the readout process used <strong>for</strong> flatpanel detector arrays. Nine detector elements are shown (A through I).Three gate lines (rows R1, R2, and R3) and three readout lines (columns(1, (2, and (3) are illustrated.
Page 14:
Preface xvAcknowledgmentsForeword x
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Chapter 9: Fluoroscopy 2319.1 Funct
Page 22:
16.3 Transducers 48316.4 Beam Prope
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B.3 Radiological Data for Elements
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We are deeply grateful to that part
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Can medical physics be interesting
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INTRODUCTION TO MEDICALIMAGINGMedic
Page 50:
FIGURE 1-2. The chest x-ray is them
Page 54:
FIGURE 1-4. A computed tomography (
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angles around the patient. These pr
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FIGURE '-8. Sagittal (upper left),
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ducer, which records the returning
Page 70:
TABLE 1-1. THE LIMITING SPATIAL RES
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WAVELENGTH(nanometers)FREQUENCY(her
Page 80:
The physical properties of the most
Page 84:
The energy required to remove an el
Page 88:
An electron cascade does not always
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160150140130120110100N
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The binding energy can be calculate
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INTERACTION OF RADIATIONWITH MATTER
Page 106:
x10 3 7becomes electrically neutral
Page 110:
Electrons can undergo inelastic int
Page 114:
The nuclide produced by neutron abs
Page 118:
Compton scattering results in the i
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CharacteristicX-rays:A: 0.6 keV (N~
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10030 \~ r.." Photoelectric Effect
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Attenuation is the removal of photo
Page 134:
The relationship between material d
Page 138:
HVL). Most practical applications o
Page 142:
MFP = 1- = __ 1__ = 1.44 HVLI.l 0.6
Page 146:
For x- and gamma rays, kerma can be
Page 150:
1 R = 2.58 X 10- 4 C/kg (exactly)Ra
Page 154:
TABLE 3-4. RADIATION WEIGHTING FACT
Page 158:
TABLE 3-6. RADIOLOGICAL QUANTITIES,
Page 162:
Computers were originally designed
Page 166:
TABLE 4-2. CONVERSION OF 42 (DECIMA
Page 170:
Binary Representationof Signed Inte
Page 174:
Chapter 4: Computers in Medical Ima
Page 178:
TABLE 4-5. MAXIMAL ERRORS WHEN DIFF
Page 182:
Main memory is used for these funct
Page 186:
A CPU fetches and executes the inst
Page 190:
FIGURE 4-6. Hard-disk drive. Aread/
Page 194:
Table 4-6 compares the characterist
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erwise identical, the computer with
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function, such as a disk head crash
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Scintillation camera planarSPECTPET
Page 210:
(1.4 MB/disk)(l,024 2 bytes/MB)/[(6
Page 214:
DAC converts each digital number to
Page 218:
UnpolarizedlightHorizontallypolariz
Page 222:
FIGURE 4-15. Graphs of four transla
Page 226:
For example, it is often useful to
Page 234:
X-RAY PRODUCTION, X-RAYTUBES, AND G
Page 238:
1 _2 -3-1Impact with nucleus:Maximu
Page 242:
FIGURE 5-4. Generation of a charact
Page 246:
Cable sockets ~FIGURE 5-6. The majo
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~C1.61.41.2 _~ 1.0::l0 0.8Q).00.62-
Page 254:
Rotor~~ ~+-statorFIGURE 5-11. The a
Page 258:
There are three major tradeoffs to
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FIGURE 5-16. Various tools allow me
Page 266:
5.3 X-RAY TUBE INSERT, TUBE HOUSING
Page 270:
TABLE 5-3. MINIMUM HALF VALUE LAYER
Page 274:
Induced electronflow in conductorRe
Page 278:
Power is the rate of energy product
Page 282:
used to modulate voltage, autotrans
Page 286:
mAand mAscontrolPhototimercircuitsF
Page 290:
(a)Electron flow through single rec
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asic components of a single-phase t
Page 298:
In three-phase generator designs, h
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greater overall input power). Next,
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nected to the contactors that dose
Page 310:
600500~5 4001:~•..=:l()300Q).0=:l
Page 314:
100% Ripple \5% Ripple /\ ••.-
Page 318:
TABLE 5-6. X-RAY TUBE FOCAL SPOTSIZ
Page 322:
Chapter 5: X-Ray Production, X-Ray
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of the chart. Like the single-expos
Page 330:
Projection radiography, the first r
Page 334:
IEi\\i~eFIGURE 6-2. The sides andhe
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sure on the screens, the cassette m
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version efficiency, the approximate
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(and vice versa). This phenomenon i
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~80o"-'"{)' 70c.~ 60lij 50c.240 .
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film OD. If the screen is made thic
Page 358:
Film has excellent spatial resoluti
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-(/l~ 2.0-c:8 1.51.0-(/l~ 2.0-c:8 1
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educed latitude. The shaded region
Page 370:
TABLE 6-2. TISSUE HALF-VALUELAYERS
Page 374:
PrimaryScatterFIGURE 6-22. A: Scatt
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ferent locations from within the pa
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lar to the direction of the slits.
Page 386:
FIGURE 6-30. Air gap geometry canre
Page 392:
silver halidecrystalssensitivityspe
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•FIGURE 7-3. The fate of an expos
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DeveloperActivatorRestrainerPreserv
Page 404:
increased too much because the numb
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can be achieved. Film manufacturers
Page 412:
Modern x-ray equipment is computer
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wee en0.25Ol0U. 0.20+Q)(f) 0.15COCO
Page 422:
Mammography is a radiographic exami
Page 426:
Other modalities that have been use
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plished by magnetic induction. A so
Page 434:
ReferenceAxisCentra0AxisProjectedfo
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30 kVp26 kVp30 kVp26 kVp(b)2.01.81.
Page 442:
OJE 25.E(fl.9 20o~ 15"'___ to 45 x
Page 446:
TABLE 8-2. REQUIREMENTS FOR MINIMUM
Page 450:
TerminationCircuitFIGURE 8-15. The
Page 454:
simulations and experimental measur
Page 458:
1.21.11.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.
Page 462:
2!£.= 1.85 xSODSOD35cmSID65cmOlD30
Page 466:
Film BaseFilm EmulsionPhosphor Scre
Page 470:
equiring a compensatory increase in
Page 474:
0.25 -Base + Fog0.20Density 0.150.1
Page 478:
characteristic curves, the correspo
Page 482:
achieving a pixel size at the image
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Chapter 8: Mammography 223TABLE 8-6
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ifies that the mammography facility
Page 494:
TABLE 8-9. SUMMARY TABLE OF ANNUAL
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preting radiologists, mammography t
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with the fluoroscopy imaging chain
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FIGURE 9-4. A scanningelectron micr
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cm 2 area of the 9-inch-diameter in
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_ 100~I 20 em patient ~~•.... _~-
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Video CamerasGeneral OperationThe c
Page 524:
FIGURE 9-11. The flat panelimaging
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higher. Cine radiography uses very
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put, and consequently frame averagi
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contrast" selections on the console
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specific applications, such as GIIG
Page 544:
3'2'E~wtJ)w 0.3~,======_o~"~~--;~ _
Page 548:
time estimate of the amount of radi
Page 552:
.~! ~i !j t--------------Ij• •s
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'E 2O . O 80(,)~ 100_70-~0CIlIIIr::
Page 560:
40003500CIl 3000::s~ 2500CIlB 2000U
Page 564:
can be radically changed. Therefore
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FIGURE 10-10. A: An isometric displ
Page 572:
FIGURE 10-13. Some physical mechani
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some clinical applications, the blu
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would correspond to 1 cycle/mm. If
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I;:' 0.6irI-:!: 0.41.0 2.0 3.0 4.0S
Page 588:
or stochastic component into the im
Page 592: ~~2IIIs:::I I>o40 60 80 100 120 140
Page 596: The term quantum is defined as "som
Page 600: Stage Description System P System Q
Page 604: .g tides:eis.Ec(~ co~o o 2 4 6 8 10
Page 608: detectorelements[-I I detector aper
Page 612: Since most patient anatomy does not
Page 616: detail curves are commonly used in
Page 620: actually calls nor-The specificity
Page 626: Digital radiographic image receptor
Page 630: -8 0.8:J:=~0.6«g! 0.4:;:;ellGi0::
Page 634: to a very bright light source, whic
Page 638: Lens Coupled Intensifying ScreenFIG
Page 644: wires in Fig. 11-8), and the gate i
Page 648: scintillator(CSI)~TFT detector elem
Page 652: individual images from each camera
Page 656: When film-screen image receptors ar
Page 660: FIGURE 11-13. The raw and corrected
Page 664: If I'(x,y) > Thigh, then I'(x,y) =
Page 668: When the 3 X 3 kernel containing al
Page 672: same time, and to archive images us
Page 676: FIGURE 12-1. The motion ofthe x-ray
Page 680: larger tissue volume is exposed. Th
Page 684: cient of jivessel, the mask image (
Page 688: 3E+3 2E+3I3E+3Ẹ E 2E+3~ 2E+3 ~Ql~
Page 694:
Computed tomography (CT) is in its
Page 698:
FIGURE 13-2. A pixel (picture eleme
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--I.....Lobject--I.....L-imageacqui
Page 706:
Pencil BeamGeometryFan BeamGeometry
Page 710:
ll:llIidlllidlllielltll:llIi:tlloll
Page 714:
FIGURE 13-11. A schematic diagram o
Page 718:
FIGURE 13-13. Multiple detector arr
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cally 0.10 to 0.20 mm on each side.
Page 726:
5 to 10 mm with the same x-ray tech
Page 730:
Pitch is a parameter that comes to
Page 734:
FIGURE 13-20. The sinogram is an im
Page 738:
The raw data acquired by a CT scann
Page 742:
lesion~CT# I !, ,c... Z ~ominal sli
Page 746:
esents an individual measurement of
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in the data, but in x-ray images th
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titative CT techniques can be used
Page 758:
W = 4095, L = 1048 W=600,L=-100 W =
Page 762:
FIGURE 13-34. A volume-rendered ima
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ent than in radiography, because of
Page 770:
TABLE 13-1. TYPICAL COMPUTED TOMOGR
Page 774:
the high SNR detected in the thinne
Page 778:
Patient motion: If there is involun
Page 782:
FIGURE 13-40. A: A beam-hardening a
Page 786:
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is
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conceptualized as the number of mag
Page 794:
Spinning proton withdipole magnetic
Page 798:
TABLE 14-3. GYROMAGNETIC RATIO FOR
Page 802:
FIGURE 14-6. Longitudinal magnetiza
Page 806:
From the classical physics viewpoin
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ways. A 90-degree angle provides th
Page 814:
spin-spin interactions by themselve
Page 818:
:~Med~;:rtV~~OUS:Small, aqueous:~ ~
Page 822:
FatLiverMuscleWhite matterGray matt
Page 826:
90 0pulse180 0pulse180 0pulse180 0p
Page 830:
The equation shows that for the sam
Page 834:
Mz 1,Longitudinal recovery (T1 )Ima
Page 838:
TABLE 14-5. SPIN ECHO PULSE SEQUENC
Page 842:
tization when a short TI is used. T
Page 846:
FIGURE 14-28. Magnetic resonance se
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generated with smaller flip angles
Page 854:
FIGURE 14-31. A steady-state gradie
Page 858:
Even-echo rephasing is a phenomenon
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loss than those of lesser water mob
Page 866:
Price RR. The AAPM/RSNA physics tut
Page 872:
Linear changein magnetic fieldSuper
Page 876:
TABLE 15-1. PRECESSIONAL FREQUENCY
Page 880:
- 0-40 -30 -20 -10 10 20 30 40(1)-0
Page 884:
Frequency Encode GradientThe freque
Page 888:
Position of the spins in the third
Page 892:
15.2 "K-SPACE" DATA ACQUISITION AND
Page 896:
RF pulses~ _J!~e_a~ Yd~h_qi!.t~r:e_
Page 900:
peripheral areas (Fig. 15-16E) isol
Page 904:
Acquired data:% matrix + 1 lineD-f
Page 908:
TR180 0excitation90 0readout180 0re
Page 912:
"effective" echo time occurs at a t
Page 916:
15.3 THREE-DIMENSIONAL FOURIER TRAN
Page 920:
Signal·to-NoiseRatioThe signal-to-
Page 924:
image acquisition. Eddy currents ar
Page 928:
of the blood. Since the detectable
Page 932:
YTExcitation I-- I#1TExcitation 1--
Page 936:
Magnetic susceptibility can be quit
Page 940:
computeroptimizedprofile"rectangula
Page 944:
since the evolution of the echo sig
Page 948:
3-4 ppm difference, fat-5 ppm diffe
Page 952:
Frequency synthesis of object (harm
Page 956:
15.7 INSTRUMENTATIONMagnetThe magne
Page 960:
Permanent magnets rely on the ferro
Page 964:
Superconductive magnets produce ext
Page 968:
TABLE 15-2. RECOMMENDED QUALITY CON
Page 972:
TABLE 15-3. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAG
Page 978:
Ultrasound is the term that describ
Page 982:
"Plane-piston"mechanicaldisplacemen
Page 986:
FIGURE 16-3. Ultrasound wavelength
Page 990:
Sound energy causes particle displa
Page 994:
TABLE 16-3. ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE, Z =
Page 998:
TABLE 16-4. PRESSURE AND REFLECTION
Page 1002:
echoes typically have similar echo
Page 1006:
The echo intensity is one hundredth
Page 1010:
Equilibrium:No surface chargeEquili
Page 1014:
i] ,A0.8 0.9 10 1.1flf O"[:f: L~0.5
Page 1018:
then filled with an epoxy resin to
Page 1022:
Transducer elementDiameter, dLength
Page 1026:
and 36.4 cm, respectively. Lateral
Page 1030:
SummedSignalFIGURE 16-18. Dynamic r
Page 1034:
amplitude of the peripheral transdu
Page 1038:
Phased arraytransducerLateral -reso
Page 1042:
iUnderstanding ultrasonic image for
Page 1046:
teristics of the transducer element
Page 1050:
Pre-amplificationand swept gainI Di
Page 1054:
OJ'0~BeforeTGC 0.E
Page 1058:
---------_+-Time...................
Page 1062:
FIGURE 16-33. Articulating arm B-mo
Page 1066:
eturning echoes. The ultrasound bea
Page 1070:
apher must consider the compromises
Page 1074:
Ultrasound Contrast AgentsUltrasoun
Page 1078:
Harmonics build in relative intensi
Page 1082:
Linear components(tissue)Non-linear
Page 1086:
Mechanical:Transducer~Rotating acou
Page 1090:
(width and height, respectively) of
Page 1094:
(i\ I)ThroughtransmissionLow _" Hig
Page 1098:
MirrorimageFIGURE 16-44 (continued)
Page 1102:
error by neglecting the velocity of
Page 1106:
shift measurement because a narrow
Page 1110:
Each Doppler pulse does not contain
Page 1114:
t IE«-f maxo~ __ Frequency(Velocit
Page 1118:
AliasingAliasing, as described earl
Page 1122:
speed of sound. Measured velocity (
Page 1126:
6E0.s:::. 8-a.low scatter targets d
Page 1130:
horizontal targets (lateral resolut
Page 1134:
ultrasound used to enhance image qu
Page 1138:
Thermal and mechanical indices of u
Page 1142:
10'" ..!2 ES>-+"'"00 cQ)E+"'0.110 1
Page 1148:
cylindrical cable with a central co
Page 1152:
On most networks today, when two no
Page 1156:
sic (nonswitched) forms of Ethernet
Page 1160:
lion distinct addresses. The first
Page 1164:
Typical data transfer rates of mode
Page 1168:
Picture Archiving and Communication
Page 1172:
TeleradiologyTeleradiology can prov
Page 1176:
DigitalImageFIGURE 17-6. Charge-cou
Page 1180:
serving nuclear medicine, whereas a
Page 1184:
Multi-terabyteArchiveFIGURE 17-8. R
Page 1188:
computer or by specialized hardware
Page 1192:
Standard viewboxMammography viewbox
Page 1196:
An application program on the works
Page 1200:
CollimatorlensiBeammodulatorFIGURE
Page 1204:
An example of a fault-tolerant stra
Page 1210:
NUCLEARMEDICINE
Page 1216:
TABLE 18-1. UNITS AND PREFIXES ASSO
Page 1220:
II25 ~--------20 : :III12.5 . - - -
Page 1224:
Beta-minus (~-) decay, or negatron
Page 1228:
When they lose all (or most) of the
Page 1232:
Each radionuclide's decay process i
Page 1236:
MOL YBDENUM-99Beta-Minus DecayT1/2
Page 1240:
FLUORINE-18Electron Capture and Bet
Page 1244:
Alternating {_Voltage ~Magnetic fie
Page 1248:
FIGURE 19-3. Hospital-based cyclotr
Page 1252:
The total energy released by the nu
Page 1256:
Radiation DetectorsNeutron Beam Hol
Page 1260:
ProductionmethodNuclear reactor Nuc
Page 1264:
that shows details of the generator
Page 1268:
10087.5..•..•.-c::Q)u•..Q)D.-
Page 1272:
TABLE 19-3. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC
Page 1276:
septa (see Chapter 21). A radiophar
Page 1280:
mediated by the energy-dependent Na
Page 1284:
depending on the solvent, either re
Page 1288:
(ii) The total dosage (i.e., admini
Page 1292:
nal. For other applications, photog
Page 1296:
are often operated in current mode
Page 1300:
20.2 GAS-FILLED DETECTORSBasic Prin
Page 1304:
Because gas multiplication does not
Page 1308:
is extensively used in biomedical r
Page 1312:
constituent elements and their low
Page 1316:
visiblelight -...photon+photocathod
Page 1320:
In crystalline materials, electrons
Page 1324:
of the diode and the negative polar
Page 1328:
FIGURE 20-13. Function of asingle-c
Page 1332:
Nal (TI)crystal..-r--..IIIIPMT...-r
Page 1336:
Spectrum of Cesium-137The spectrum
Page 1340:
with the emission of a 140.5-keV ga
Page 1344:
FIGURE 20-22. Pulse pileup.The dash
Page 1348:
distance, typically 20 to 25 cm, fr
Page 1352:
its samples ofI-125 and Co-57 to ac
Page 1356:
Dose Calibrator Quality AssuranceBe
Page 1360:
Two measures of the central tendenc
Page 1364:
4Number of SuccessesFIGURE 20-28. B
Page 1368:
For example, a counr of 853 is obra
Page 1372:
entering the standard deviations fr
Page 1376:
dose to the patient, nearly all nuc
Page 1380:
PhotomultipliertubesLucite light pi
Page 1384:
PulsesfromindividualPMTsAnalogJ....
Page 1388:
the object is moved yet farther fro
Page 1392:
TABLE 21-1. COMPARISON OF SINGLE·P
Page 1396:
Some types of collimators magnify (
Page 1400:
the product of three factors: the c
Page 1404:
() 0.5c CD"0If=CD.>
Page 1408:
TABLE 21-3. THE EFFECT OF INCREASIN
Page 1412:
6.4 mm at 10 cm from the collimator
Page 1416:
Digital'positionZ correctionlookup
Page 1420:
two ways that scintillation cametas
Page 1424:
quency of this testing depends on t
Page 1428:
ufacturers incorporate a computer f
Page 1432:
FirstimageSecondimageThirdimageFour
Page 1436:
pool image sequence, using T c-99m-
Page 1440:
adionuclides in patients, using a p
Page 1444:
mator, which never enjoyed wide acc
Page 1448:
heads of a SPECT system produced id
Page 1452:
0.50.4CD"0:e0.3c.E 0.2
Page 1456:
No AttenuationCorrectionAttenuation
Page 1460:
camera heads that revolve about the
Page 1464:
In planar nuclear imaging, radioact
Page 1468:
FIGURE 22-10. Image of a cylinder f
Page 1472:
TABLE 22-1. RECOMMENDED SCHEDULE FO
Page 1476:
Design and Principles Of OperationA
Page 1480:
2 by 2 arrayof PMTs~Slits cut intoB
Page 1484:
To detect coincidences, the times o
Page 1488:
DetectorelementsSeptalcollimatorrin
Page 1492:
J......... ······~~~~~I thiC
Page 1496:
FIGURE 22-23. Attenuationin PET. Th
Page 1500:
511-keV collimators and because the
Page 1504:
A system provided by another vendor
Page 1508:
Madsen MT. The AAPM/RSNA physics tu
Page 1514:
It is incumbent upon all individual
Page 1518:
(5 mrad/hr), which is approximately
Page 1522:
combustible fuels, including coal a
Page 1526:
TABLE 23-3. AVERAGE ANNUAL OCCUPATI
Page 1530:
TABLE 23-6. ANNUAL GENETICALLY SIGN
Page 1534:
with conventional x-ray film, radia
Page 1538:
FIGURE 23-3. A small chip of LiF (r
Page 1542:
Method Measures Useful rangePermane
Page 1546:
FIGURE 23-6. Portable ion chamber.
Page 1550:
Inverse Square LawE 2 = E 1 (0 1 /0
Page 1554:
adherence to the methods in NCRP re
Page 1558:
espective distances to the point in
Page 1562:
Exposure per week contributed by th
Page 1566:
Primary, scatter, and leakage radia
Page 1570:
IStairwaygQlc..>c19'" 00Waitingarea
Page 1574:
e the minimal thickness recommended
Page 1578:
Personnel Protection in Diagnostic
Page 1582:
TABLE 23-14. EXPOSURE RATE CONSTANT
Page 1586:
Filtration of the polychromatic x-r
Page 1590:
out ABC. Some systems have a high e
Page 1594:
the physician with the ability to m
Page 1598:
nologist in the correct selection o
Page 1602:
ination should remove their protect
Page 1606:
labeled with 1-131. 1-131 decays wi
Page 1610:
Phosphorus-32 is used for the radio
Page 1614:
clides are the "Standards for Prote
Page 1618:
TABLE 23-18. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COM
Page 1622:
National Council on Radiation Prote
Page 1628:
section 3.5). The old term for ener
Page 1632:
TABLE 24-3. ABSORBED DOSES TO SELEC
Page 1636:
Medical x-ray imaging procedures su
Page 1640:
mAs, and the distance from x-ray so
Page 1644:
FIGURE 24-3. The geometry fordeterm
Page 1648:
FIGURE 24-4. Illustration ofSourceo
Page 1652:
FIGURE 24-6. The cumulated activity
Page 1656:
TABLE 24-9. VARIABLES IN THE MIRD S
Page 1660:
not currently require manufacturers
Page 1664:
TABLE 25-1. DETERMINANTS OF BIOLOGI
Page 1668:
Radia~?/ 1'{"l20 H+ ow\ Ionization
Page 1672:
cific ionization (i.e., ionization
Page 1676:
chromatid aberrations. Unlike chrom
Page 1680:
10~n ,,,,,,C), ,,I:Dq'S; 1.0 ------
Page 1684:
ClC 1.0oS;o~::JCJ)~G)0-0C0:;:;(JCIS
Page 1688:
mediated through free radical produ
Page 1692:
Radiationdose~~ANSYS~Dose too---. D
Page 1696:
to normal within 2 to 3 months. If
Page 1700:
dose delivered over a protracted pe
Page 1704:
diseases such as ataxia telangiecta
Page 1708:
The stages of the neurovascular syn
Page 1712:
Most of the radiation-induced biolo
Page 1716:
adiation, such as radiofrequency ra
Page 1720:
TABLE 25-7. SUMMARY OF MAJOR EPIDEM
Page 1724:
,.,,. ,,.,,.,,.ỊI"", ,I, IIIIIII"
Page 1728:
Radiationexposure1-",,II, II,,III,
Page 1732:
the overall risk and relative proba
Page 1736:
times greater risk for development
Page 1740:
Estimating Genetic RiskThe genetica
Page 1744:
sure, owing principally to the rela
Page 1748:
1/3 for mice). Nevertheless, develo
Page 1752:
Numberoccurring fromnatural causesE
Page 1756:
Prenatal death(Some survivors,no in
Page 1762:
APPENDICES
Page 1768:
OriginalVector (V)InternationalSyst
Page 1772:
PotentialEnergyPotential energy is
Page 1776:
When a charged particle is placed i
Page 1780:
The joule is a rather large unit of
Page 1784:
The band theory of solids explains
Page 1788:
FIGURE A-7. A spinning charge has a
Page 1792:
Magnetic field moving towards wire
Page 1796:
Static magnetic fieldRotating curre
Page 1802:
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS, PREFIXES,GEOMET
Page 1806:
Appendix B: Physical Constants, Pre
Page 1810:
MASS ATTENUATIONCOEFFICIENTS AND SP
Page 1814:
Appendix C: Mass Attenuation Coeffi
Page 1818:
Page 1822:
Page 1826:
C.6 MAMMOGRAPHY SPECTRA: Rh/RhTABLE
Page 1830:
Appendix Co' Mass Attenuation Coeff
Page 1834:
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALCHARACTERISTICS
Page 1838:
1251Albumin (ONI) IV N/A -20 mL blo
Page 1842:
153Sm Lexidronam, also IV over a 1-
Page 1846:
-90% of dose excreted in 3 hr. Prep
Page 1850:
99mTc-basedmyocardial perfusion age
Page 1854:
99mTcMacroaggregated 0.16 ts 0.0161
Page 1858:
TABLE D-4. ABSORBED DOSE ESTIMATES
Page 1864:
914 Section V: AppendicesMedical Ph
Page 1868:
ASCII. See American Standard Code f
Page 1872:
DDAC. See Digital-to-analog convert
Page 1876:
Electronic switchltimer, exposure t
Page 1880:
Image magnification, spatial resolu
Page 1884:
Magnetic resonance imaging (contd.)
Page 1888:
Phased array, ultrasound, 490Phosph
Page 1892:
Radiation detection (contd)gas-fill
Page 1896:
Shoe marks, processor artifacts, 18
Page 1900:
Two dimensional multi planar acquis
Page 1906:
"Nope '" no sign of YOur kitten, Ma
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