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Chapter 13: Computed Tomography 32713.1 Basic Principles 32713.2 Geometry and Historical Development 33113.3 Detectors and Detector Arrays 33913.4 Details of Acquisition 34213.5 Tomographic Reconstruction 34613.6 Digital Image Display 35813.7 Radiation Dose 36213.8 Image Quality 36713.9 Artifacts 369Chapter 14: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 37314.1 Magnetization Properties 37314.2 Generation and Detection of the Magnetic Resonance Signal 38114.3 Pulse Sequences 39114.4 Spin Echo 39114.5 Inversion Recovery 39914.6 Gradient Recalled Echo 40314.7 Signal from Flow 40814.8 Perfusion and Diffusion Contrast 40914.9 Magnetization Transfer Contrast 411Chapter 15: Magnetic Resonance <strong>Imaging</strong> (MRI) 41515.1 Localization of the MR Signal 41515.2 k-space Data Acquisition and Image Reconstruction 42615.3 Three-Dimensional Fourier Trans<strong>for</strong>m Image Acquisition 43815.4 Image Characteristics 43915.5 Angiography and Magnetization Transfer Contrast 44215.6 Artifacts 44715.7 Instrumentation 45815.8 Safety and Bioeffects 465Chapter 16: Ultrasound 46916.1 Characteristics of Sound 47016.2 Interactions of Ultrasound with Matter 476
Page 14: Preface xvAcknowledgmentsForeword x
Page 18: Chapter 9: Fluoroscopy 2319.1 Funct
Page 24: Chapter 22: Nuclear Imaging-Emissio
Page 30: PREFACE TO THESECOND EDITIONThe fir
Page 34: During the production of this work,
Page 42: BASIC CONCEPTS
Page 48: Different types of medical images c
Page 52: FIGURE 1-3. Mammography is a specia
Page 56: FIGURE 1-5. Anterior and posterior
Page 60: FIGURE 1-7. Whole-body positron emi
Page 64: and the churning intestines), CT is
Page 68: Nuclear medicine images (planar ima
Page 74:
Radiation is energy that travels th
Page 78:
When interacting with matter, EM ra
Page 82:
The atomic mass unit (amu) is defin
Page 86:
When an electron is removed from it
Page 90:
Species of atoms characterized by t
Page 94:
TABLE 2-3. DISTRIBUTION OF STABLE N
Page 98:
Nuclear Fission and FusionDuring nu
Page 104:
I••.--~ --Ionization caused byC
Page 108:
+ + : ::: ::::::: ••FIGURE 3-3.
Page 112:
The energy of a bremsstrahlung x-ra
Page 116:
ability of occurrence in the diagno
Page 120:
attenuation differences of the tiss
Page 124:
The probability of photoelectric ab
Page 128:
Pair production can only occur when
Page 132:
As the thickness increases, however
Page 136:
To calculate the linear attenuation
Page 140:
TABLE 3-2. HALF VALUE LAYERS OF TIS
Page 144:
the attenuation coefficient that wo
Page 148:
absorbed dose is the rad (an acrony
Page 152:
gies below 100 keY due to an increa
Page 156:
TABLE 3-5. TISSUE WEIGHTING FACTORS
Page 160:
Bushberg JT. The AAPM/RSNA physics
Page 164:
In the decimal form, the ten digits
Page 168:
1 kilobyte (kB) = 2'0 bytes = 1024
Page 172:
o 1 1 1 =71,1 h-> -~~I-~--I~-Time-t
Page 176:
The digital form facilitates other
Page 180:
A computer consists of a central pr
Page 184:
memory can fit only small portions
Page 188:
oards can be plugged. The boards in
Page 192:
optical. The recording material of
Page 196:
Array processor,-~- ~~~~~- ~- ~- -
Page 200:
10 1=120 PRINT I301=1+140 IF 1
Page 204:
4.6 STORAGE, PROCESSING, AND DISPLA
Page 208:
FIGURE 4-10. Effect of number of bi
Page 212:
y which volumetric data sets are re
Page 216:
ond) of the beam. The electron beam
Page 220:
The intensity of each pixel must be
Page 224:
FIGURE 4-16. Windowing an image wit
Page 230:
DIAGNOSTICRADIOLOGY
Page 236:
Heated tungsten filamentcathodeEvac
Page 240:
Major factors that affect x-ray pro
Page 244:
TABLE 5-2. K-SHELL CHARACTERISTIC X
Page 248:
The focusing cup, also called the c
Page 252:
Anode ConfigurationsX-ray tubes hav
Page 256:
These and other factors determine t
Page 260:
The effective focal spot length var
Page 264:
The heel effect refers to a reducti
Page 268:
As mentioned earlier, filtration is
Page 272:
x-ray attenuation) mimics the x-ray
Page 276:
mary winding") carries the input lo
Page 280:
A simple autotransformer consists o
Page 284:
the electron target (anode). The tr
Page 288:
some x-ray generators, preprogramme
Page 292:
independent of the polarity of the
Page 296:
f\f\v~/....•••..••,.\,II
Page 300:
130 Section II: Diagnostic Radiolog
Page 304:
Generator~Single-phase 1-pulse(self
Page 308:
FIGURE 5-34. Automatic exposure con
Page 312:
Therefore, the ourpur exposure incr
Page 316:
TABLE 5-4. ROOT-MEAN-SQUAREVOLTAGE
Page 320:
Energy (J) = Root-mean-square volta
Page 324:
Previous exposures must also be con
Page 328:
1,6001,400OJc 1,200'00::::l0 1,000I
Page 332:
FIGURE 6-1. The basic geometry of p
Page 336:
Consideration of Equation 6-4 revea
Page 340:
FIGURE 6-5. A scanning electron mic
Page 344:
screenx-rays1x-rays1x-rays1emulsion
Page 348:
the use of dye is to design a phosp
Page 352:
\20 em Patient ~•...70oUGd2~S ~ .
Page 356:
emulsion film has a total mass thic
Page 360:
axis), and the film OD at zero x-ra
Page 364:
2:' 2.5 ---'w c~ 2.0~ 1.5~ Q.o 1.00
Page 368:
exposure times the exposure rate is
Page 372:
.--... 3000?ft::- 1000(J)~C 300 -o(
Page 376:
504540~35 ..•..•.•en 30jg 25c
Page 380:
TABLE 6-3. ADDITIONAL PARAMETERS (N
Page 384:
Most artifacts associated with the
Page 390:
Film is a unique technology, born o
Page 394:
and eventually reach the film emuls
Page 398:
film outdryerFIGURE 7-4. The functi
Page 402:
ActivatorClearing(hypo)agentHardene
Page 406:
guide shoes in the developer tank.
Page 410:
film transportrollerspolygonalmirro
Page 414:
FIGURE 7-10. The functional compone
Page 418:
manufacturer and the phosphor emplo
Page 424:
and craniocaudal views, are routine
Page 428:
CompressionpaddleGridScreen-filmPho
Page 432:
Chestwall2:' 100%·00cQ)Cc-§ 50%..
Page 436:
with little contribution to the ima
Page 440:
energies not useful in forming the
Page 444:
120100NE.€80UJc:.90 60.J::.0-'" 4
Page 448:
40E 35
Page 452:
ference of 10% to 15% positive (gre
Page 456:
Scatter to Primary ratio:0.8 - 1.0S
Page 460:
Grids impose a dose penalty to comp
Page 464:
ation exposure is also necessary to
Page 468:
4fastLate 80'spresent~ 3·00 c:Q)0r
Page 472:
FIGURE 8-23. Film processor testing
Page 476:
4.54.0Cii 3.5~C 3.08 2.5C:.@ 2.0~ 1
Page 480:
x-shift2z: receptorto lesiondept.~_
Page 484:
megabytes, and four times that for
Page 488:
TABLE 8-7. AVERAGE GRANDUlAR DOSE I
Page 492:
226 Section II: Diagnostic Radiolog
Page 496:
FIGURE 8-30. A: The mammography acc
Page 502:
Fluoroscopy is an imaging procedure
Page 506:
inputwindowvacuumbottleinputscreenF
Page 510:
Ii\ !\,-.l,,....,. l'..-t-J..•.vF
Page 514:
For cardiac imaging, by comparison,
Page 518:
partial-silveredmirrorinfinitefocus
Page 522:
local variations in light intensity
Page 526:
Photo-Spot CamerasA photo-spot came
Page 530:
Many fluoroscopists practice aggres
Page 534:
the image constant at the monitor.
Page 538:
Field of View:cm (inches)14 (5.5)20
Page 542:
In the angiographic setting, the ta
Page 546:
50eaJ enaJ::> aJ0 cen -'"len en"0"0
Page 550:
IMAGE QUALITYImage quality is a gen
Page 554:
trast in the resultant image) can o
Page 558:
.a- 2.5.iij~ 2.0c~ 1.5ao 1.02 3Expo
Page 562:
246 8Tissue Thickness (cm)FIGURE 10
Page 566:
puter to the display hardware itsel
Page 570:
FIGURE 10-12. A: An isometric plot
Page 574:
tor, it will appear life size (magn
Page 578:
of the resolution performance of th
Page 582:
wave serves as an input to a hypoth
Page 586:
11111111 11I1 111I 1111 1111--FIGUR
Page 590:
c 40f:5!:c 30o'0t 20 .cE:lZ120 140H
Page 594:
A,0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0Position (
Page 598:
In all medical x-ray imaging, we wa
Page 602:
FIGURE 10-30. A circular signal is
Page 606:
to the calculation of the noise pow
Page 610:
less than twice per cycle, and it w
Page 614:
The sine-shaped MTF for a detector
Page 618:
not just one feature or number, but
Page 622:
--normal••••• m •••
Page 628:
for each exposure. The imaging plat
Page 632:
about 85% BaFBr and 15% BaFI, activ
Page 636:
charge packetsmove in unisonreadout
Page 640:
Flat panel detector systems make us
Page 644:
wires in Fig. 11-8), and the gate i
Page 648:
scintillator(CSI)~TFT detector elem
Page 652:
individual images from each camera
Page 656:
When film-screen image receptors ar
Page 660:
FIGURE 11-13. The raw and corrected
Page 664:
If I'(x,y) > Thigh, then I'(x,y) =
Page 668:
When the 3 X 3 kernel containing al
Page 672:
same time, and to archive images us
Page 676:
FIGURE 12-1. The motion ofthe x-ray
Page 680:
larger tissue volume is exposed. Th
Page 684:
cient of jivessel, the mask image (
Page 688:
3E+3 2E+3I3E+3Ẹ E 2E+3~ 2E+3 ~Ql~
Page 694:
Computed tomography (CT) is in its
Page 698:
FIGURE 13-2. A pixel (picture eleme
Page 702:
--I.....Lobject--I.....L-imageacqui
Page 706:
Pencil BeamGeometryFan BeamGeometry
Page 710:
ll:llIidlllidlllielltll:llIi:tlloll
Page 714:
FIGURE 13-11. A schematic diagram o
Page 718:
FIGURE 13-13. Multiple detector arr
Page 722:
cally 0.10 to 0.20 mm on each side.
Page 726:
5 to 10 mm with the same x-ray tech
Page 730:
Pitch is a parameter that comes to
Page 734:
FIGURE 13-20. The sinogram is an im
Page 738:
The raw data acquired by a CT scann
Page 742:
lesion~CT# I !, ,c... Z ~ominal sli
Page 746:
esents an individual measurement of
Page 750:
in the data, but in x-ray images th
Page 754:
titative CT techniques can be used
Page 758:
W = 4095, L = 1048 W=600,L=-100 W =
Page 762:
FIGURE 13-34. A volume-rendered ima
Page 766:
ent than in radiography, because of
Page 770:
TABLE 13-1. TYPICAL COMPUTED TOMOGR
Page 774:
the high SNR detected in the thinne
Page 778:
Patient motion: If there is involun
Page 782:
FIGURE 13-40. A: A beam-hardening a
Page 786:
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is
Page 790:
conceptualized as the number of mag
Page 794:
Spinning proton withdipole magnetic
Page 798:
TABLE 14-3. GYROMAGNETIC RATIO FOR
Page 802:
FIGURE 14-6. Longitudinal magnetiza
Page 806:
From the classical physics viewpoin
Page 810:
ways. A 90-degree angle provides th
Page 814:
spin-spin interactions by themselve
Page 818:
:~Med~;:rtV~~OUS:Small, aqueous:~ ~
Page 822:
FatLiverMuscleWhite matterGray matt
Page 826:
90 0pulse180 0pulse180 0pulse180 0p
Page 830:
The equation shows that for the sam
Page 834:
Mz 1,Longitudinal recovery (T1 )Ima
Page 838:
TABLE 14-5. SPIN ECHO PULSE SEQUENC
Page 842:
tization when a short TI is used. T
Page 846:
FIGURE 14-28. Magnetic resonance se
Page 850:
generated with smaller flip angles
Page 854:
FIGURE 14-31. A steady-state gradie
Page 858:
Even-echo rephasing is a phenomenon
Page 862:
loss than those of lesser water mob
Page 866:
Price RR. The AAPM/RSNA physics tut
Page 872:
Linear changein magnetic fieldSuper
Page 876:
TABLE 15-1. PRECESSIONAL FREQUENCY
Page 880:
- 0-40 -30 -20 -10 10 20 30 40(1)-0
Page 884:
Frequency Encode GradientThe freque
Page 888:
Position of the spins in the third
Page 892:
15.2 "K-SPACE" DATA ACQUISITION AND
Page 896:
RF pulses~ _J!~e_a~ Yd~h_qi!.t~r:e_
Page 900:
peripheral areas (Fig. 15-16E) isol
Page 904:
Acquired data:% matrix + 1 lineD-f
Page 908:
TR180 0excitation90 0readout180 0re
Page 912:
"effective" echo time occurs at a t
Page 916:
15.3 THREE-DIMENSIONAL FOURIER TRAN
Page 920:
Signal·to-NoiseRatioThe signal-to-
Page 924:
image acquisition. Eddy currents ar
Page 928:
of the blood. Since the detectable
Page 932:
YTExcitation I-- I#1TExcitation 1--
Page 936:
Magnetic susceptibility can be quit
Page 940:
computeroptimizedprofile"rectangula
Page 944:
since the evolution of the echo sig
Page 948:
3-4 ppm difference, fat-5 ppm diffe
Page 952:
Frequency synthesis of object (harm
Page 956:
15.7 INSTRUMENTATIONMagnetThe magne
Page 960:
Permanent magnets rely on the ferro
Page 964:
Superconductive magnets produce ext
Page 968:
TABLE 15-2. RECOMMENDED QUALITY CON
Page 972:
TABLE 15-3. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAG
Page 978:
Ultrasound is the term that describ
Page 982:
"Plane-piston"mechanicaldisplacemen
Page 986:
FIGURE 16-3. Ultrasound wavelength
Page 990:
Sound energy causes particle displa
Page 994:
TABLE 16-3. ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE, Z =
Page 998:
TABLE 16-4. PRESSURE AND REFLECTION
Page 1002:
echoes typically have similar echo
Page 1006:
The echo intensity is one hundredth
Page 1010:
Equilibrium:No surface chargeEquili
Page 1014:
i] ,A0.8 0.9 10 1.1flf O"[:f: L~0.5
Page 1018:
then filled with an epoxy resin to
Page 1022:
Transducer elementDiameter, dLength
Page 1026:
and 36.4 cm, respectively. Lateral
Page 1030:
SummedSignalFIGURE 16-18. Dynamic r
Page 1034:
amplitude of the peripheral transdu
Page 1038:
Phased arraytransducerLateral -reso
Page 1042:
iUnderstanding ultrasonic image for
Page 1046:
teristics of the transducer element
Page 1050:
Pre-amplificationand swept gainI Di
Page 1054:
OJ'0~BeforeTGC 0.E
Page 1058:
---------_+-Time...................
Page 1062:
FIGURE 16-33. Articulating arm B-mo
Page 1066:
eturning echoes. The ultrasound bea
Page 1070:
apher must consider the compromises
Page 1074:
Ultrasound Contrast AgentsUltrasoun
Page 1078:
Harmonics build in relative intensi
Page 1082:
Linear components(tissue)Non-linear
Page 1086:
Mechanical:Transducer~Rotating acou
Page 1090:
(width and height, respectively) of
Page 1094:
(i\ I)ThroughtransmissionLow _" Hig
Page 1098:
MirrorimageFIGURE 16-44 (continued)
Page 1102:
error by neglecting the velocity of
Page 1106:
shift measurement because a narrow
Page 1110:
Each Doppler pulse does not contain
Page 1114:
t IE«-f maxo~ __ Frequency(Velocit
Page 1118:
AliasingAliasing, as described earl
Page 1122:
speed of sound. Measured velocity (
Page 1126:
6E0.s:::. 8-a.low scatter targets d
Page 1130:
horizontal targets (lateral resolut
Page 1134:
ultrasound used to enhance image qu
Page 1138:
Thermal and mechanical indices of u
Page 1142:
10'" ..!2 ES>-+"'"00 cQ)E+"'0.110 1
Page 1148:
cylindrical cable with a central co
Page 1152:
On most networks today, when two no
Page 1156:
sic (nonswitched) forms of Ethernet
Page 1160:
lion distinct addresses. The first
Page 1164:
Typical data transfer rates of mode
Page 1168:
Picture Archiving and Communication
Page 1172:
TeleradiologyTeleradiology can prov
Page 1176:
DigitalImageFIGURE 17-6. Charge-cou
Page 1180:
serving nuclear medicine, whereas a
Page 1184:
Multi-terabyteArchiveFIGURE 17-8. R
Page 1188:
computer or by specialized hardware
Page 1192:
Standard viewboxMammography viewbox
Page 1196:
An application program on the works
Page 1200:
CollimatorlensiBeammodulatorFIGURE
Page 1204:
An example of a fault-tolerant stra
Page 1210:
NUCLEARMEDICINE
Page 1216:
TABLE 18-1. UNITS AND PREFIXES ASSO
Page 1220:
II25 ~--------20 : :III12.5 . - - -
Page 1224:
Beta-minus (~-) decay, or negatron
Page 1228:
When they lose all (or most) of the
Page 1232:
Each radionuclide's decay process i
Page 1236:
MOL YBDENUM-99Beta-Minus DecayT1/2
Page 1240:
FLUORINE-18Electron Capture and Bet
Page 1244:
Alternating {_Voltage ~Magnetic fie
Page 1248:
FIGURE 19-3. Hospital-based cyclotr
Page 1252:
The total energy released by the nu
Page 1256:
Radiation DetectorsNeutron Beam Hol
Page 1260:
ProductionmethodNuclear reactor Nuc
Page 1264:
that shows details of the generator
Page 1268:
10087.5..•..•.-c::Q)u•..Q)D.-
Page 1272:
TABLE 19-3. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC
Page 1276:
septa (see Chapter 21). A radiophar
Page 1280:
mediated by the energy-dependent Na
Page 1284:
depending on the solvent, either re
Page 1288:
(ii) The total dosage (i.e., admini
Page 1292:
nal. For other applications, photog
Page 1296:
are often operated in current mode
Page 1300:
20.2 GAS-FILLED DETECTORSBasic Prin
Page 1304:
Because gas multiplication does not
Page 1308:
is extensively used in biomedical r
Page 1312:
constituent elements and their low
Page 1316:
visiblelight -...photon+photocathod
Page 1320:
In crystalline materials, electrons
Page 1324:
of the diode and the negative polar
Page 1328:
FIGURE 20-13. Function of asingle-c
Page 1332:
Nal (TI)crystal..-r--..IIIIPMT...-r
Page 1336:
Spectrum of Cesium-137The spectrum
Page 1340:
with the emission of a 140.5-keV ga
Page 1344:
FIGURE 20-22. Pulse pileup.The dash
Page 1348:
distance, typically 20 to 25 cm, fr
Page 1352:
its samples ofI-125 and Co-57 to ac
Page 1356:
Dose Calibrator Quality AssuranceBe
Page 1360:
Two measures of the central tendenc
Page 1364:
4Number of SuccessesFIGURE 20-28. B
Page 1368:
For example, a counr of 853 is obra
Page 1372:
entering the standard deviations fr
Page 1376:
dose to the patient, nearly all nuc
Page 1380:
PhotomultipliertubesLucite light pi
Page 1384:
PulsesfromindividualPMTsAnalogJ....
Page 1388:
the object is moved yet farther fro
Page 1392:
TABLE 21-1. COMPARISON OF SINGLE·P
Page 1396:
Some types of collimators magnify (
Page 1400:
the product of three factors: the c
Page 1404:
() 0.5c CD"0If=CD.>
Page 1408:
TABLE 21-3. THE EFFECT OF INCREASIN
Page 1412:
6.4 mm at 10 cm from the collimator
Page 1416:
Digital'positionZ correctionlookup
Page 1420:
two ways that scintillation cametas
Page 1424:
quency of this testing depends on t
Page 1428:
ufacturers incorporate a computer f
Page 1432:
FirstimageSecondimageThirdimageFour
Page 1436:
pool image sequence, using T c-99m-
Page 1440:
adionuclides in patients, using a p
Page 1444:
mator, which never enjoyed wide acc
Page 1448:
heads of a SPECT system produced id
Page 1452:
0.50.4CD"0:e0.3c.E 0.2
Page 1456:
No AttenuationCorrectionAttenuation
Page 1460:
camera heads that revolve about the
Page 1464:
In planar nuclear imaging, radioact
Page 1468:
FIGURE 22-10. Image of a cylinder f
Page 1472:
TABLE 22-1. RECOMMENDED SCHEDULE FO
Page 1476:
Design and Principles Of OperationA
Page 1480:
2 by 2 arrayof PMTs~Slits cut intoB
Page 1484:
To detect coincidences, the times o
Page 1488:
DetectorelementsSeptalcollimatorrin
Page 1492:
J......... ······~~~~~I thiC
Page 1496:
FIGURE 22-23. Attenuationin PET. Th
Page 1500:
511-keV collimators and because the
Page 1504:
A system provided by another vendor
Page 1508:
Madsen MT. The AAPM/RSNA physics tu
Page 1514:
It is incumbent upon all individual
Page 1518:
(5 mrad/hr), which is approximately
Page 1522:
combustible fuels, including coal a
Page 1526:
TABLE 23-3. AVERAGE ANNUAL OCCUPATI
Page 1530:
TABLE 23-6. ANNUAL GENETICALLY SIGN
Page 1534:
with conventional x-ray film, radia
Page 1538:
FIGURE 23-3. A small chip of LiF (r
Page 1542:
Method Measures Useful rangePermane
Page 1546:
FIGURE 23-6. Portable ion chamber.
Page 1550:
Inverse Square LawE 2 = E 1 (0 1 /0
Page 1554:
adherence to the methods in NCRP re
Page 1558:
espective distances to the point in
Page 1562:
Exposure per week contributed by th
Page 1566:
Primary, scatter, and leakage radia
Page 1570:
IStairwaygQlc..>c19'" 00Waitingarea
Page 1574:
e the minimal thickness recommended
Page 1578:
Personnel Protection in Diagnostic
Page 1582:
TABLE 23-14. EXPOSURE RATE CONSTANT
Page 1586:
Filtration of the polychromatic x-r
Page 1590:
out ABC. Some systems have a high e
Page 1594:
the physician with the ability to m
Page 1598:
nologist in the correct selection o
Page 1602:
ination should remove their protect
Page 1606:
labeled with 1-131. 1-131 decays wi
Page 1610:
Phosphorus-32 is used for the radio
Page 1614:
clides are the "Standards for Prote
Page 1618:
TABLE 23-18. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COM
Page 1622:
National Council on Radiation Prote
Page 1628:
section 3.5). The old term for ener
Page 1632:
TABLE 24-3. ABSORBED DOSES TO SELEC
Page 1636:
Medical x-ray imaging procedures su
Page 1640:
mAs, and the distance from x-ray so
Page 1644:
FIGURE 24-3. The geometry fordeterm
Page 1648:
FIGURE 24-4. Illustration ofSourceo
Page 1652:
FIGURE 24-6. The cumulated activity
Page 1656:
TABLE 24-9. VARIABLES IN THE MIRD S
Page 1660:
not currently require manufacturers
Page 1664:
TABLE 25-1. DETERMINANTS OF BIOLOGI
Page 1668:
Radia~?/ 1'{"l20 H+ ow\ Ionization
Page 1672:
cific ionization (i.e., ionization
Page 1676:
chromatid aberrations. Unlike chrom
Page 1680:
10~n ,,,,,,C), ,,I:Dq'S; 1.0 ------
Page 1684:
ClC 1.0oS;o~::JCJ)~G)0-0C0:;:;(JCIS
Page 1688:
mediated through free radical produ
Page 1692:
Radiationdose~~ANSYS~Dose too---. D
Page 1696:
to normal within 2 to 3 months. If
Page 1700:
dose delivered over a protracted pe
Page 1704:
diseases such as ataxia telangiecta
Page 1708:
The stages of the neurovascular syn
Page 1712:
Most of the radiation-induced biolo
Page 1716:
adiation, such as radiofrequency ra
Page 1720:
TABLE 25-7. SUMMARY OF MAJOR EPIDEM
Page 1724:
,.,,. ,,.,,.,,.ỊI"", ,I, IIIIIII"
Page 1728:
Radiationexposure1-",,II, II,,III,
Page 1732:
the overall risk and relative proba
Page 1736:
times greater risk for development
Page 1740:
Estimating Genetic RiskThe genetica
Page 1744:
sure, owing principally to the rela
Page 1748:
1/3 for mice). Nevertheless, develo
Page 1752:
Numberoccurring fromnatural causesE
Page 1756:
Prenatal death(Some survivors,no in
Page 1762:
APPENDICES
Page 1768:
OriginalVector (V)InternationalSyst
Page 1772:
PotentialEnergyPotential energy is
Page 1776:
When a charged particle is placed i
Page 1780:
The joule is a rather large unit of
Page 1784:
The band theory of solids explains
Page 1788:
FIGURE A-7. A spinning charge has a
Page 1792:
Magnetic field moving towards wire
Page 1796:
Static magnetic fieldRotating curre
Page 1802:
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS, PREFIXES,GEOMET
Page 1806:
Appendix B: Physical Constants, Pre
Page 1810:
MASS ATTENUATIONCOEFFICIENTS AND SP
Page 1814:
Appendix C: Mass Attenuation Coeffi
Page 1818:
Page 1822:
Page 1826:
C.6 MAMMOGRAPHY SPECTRA: Rh/RhTABLE
Page 1830:
Appendix Co' Mass Attenuation Coeff
Page 1834:
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALCHARACTERISTICS
Page 1838:
1251Albumin (ONI) IV N/A -20 mL blo
Page 1842:
153Sm Lexidronam, also IV over a 1-
Page 1846:
-90% of dose excreted in 3 hr. Prep
Page 1850:
99mTc-basedmyocardial perfusion age
Page 1854:
99mTcMacroaggregated 0.16 ts 0.0161
Page 1858:
TABLE D-4. ABSORBED DOSE ESTIMATES
Page 1864:
914 Section V: AppendicesMedical Ph
Page 1868:
ASCII. See American Standard Code f
Page 1872:
DDAC. See Digital-to-analog convert
Page 1876:
Electronic switchltimer, exposure t
Page 1880:
Image magnification, spatial resolu
Page 1884:
Magnetic resonance imaging (contd.)
Page 1888:
Phased array, ultrasound, 490Phosph
Page 1892:
Radiation detection (contd)gas-fill
Page 1896:
Shoe marks, processor artifacts, 18
Page 1900:
Two dimensional multi planar acquis
Page 1906:
"Nope '" no sign of YOur kitten, Ma
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