LABOULBENIALES - Agentschap voor Natuur en Bos

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4. DISCUSSION4.1. METHODSAlthough forensic entomology is used to aid murder investigations, only fewrecent literature results on observing cadavers is available. However, theknowledge obtained from this kind of research (in combination with dataconcerning the development of the different species) is necessary in order toestimate the (minimum) post mortem interval (PMI) and consequently the timeof death (ASISTM, 2009).Forensic entomology is generally a field concentrating on Diptera. Manycoleopterans also have forensic applications, but are often neglected byforensic entomology researchers (MIDGLEY, 2007). It is important to realize thatthe collection of Coleoptera is both semi-qualitative and semi-quantitative,since they run away with the least interference (VAN WIELINK, 2004). Also theweather has some great influence on decomposition and thus the populationsof insects. In this research, for both the experiments in the Sonian Forest andthe Meerdaal Forest no details concerning the weather have beenconsidered.4.2. IDENTIFICATION OF BEETLESThe identification of a few specimens took place only to genus level. This holdsfor Anaspis (Scraptiidae), Aphodius (Scarabaeidae), Cantharis (Cantharidae),Oxypoda (Staphylinidae) and Ptiliolum (Ptiliidae). Identification to species levelrequires the fullest understanding of the respective genera, including specificshapes of the male reproductive system, minor differences between tarsalsegments, … For example, the genus Aphodius comprises 86 species in 27subgenera, classified according the shape of the hind tarsi, the shape of thehead and the morphology of the male reproductive system.One of the problems for forensic investigators is the accurate identification ofthe larvae collected from a corpse. For this research, the identification ofSilphidae larvae was based on the identification key in KLAUSNITZER (1997).However, according to this identification key some characteristics of thelarvae corresponded with Necrodes, other with Thanatophilus. Even more, thewhole table of Silphidae larvae in KLAUSNITZER (1997) is problematic (pers.comm. HANS HUIJBREGTS, 2010). The larvae were finally determined as Necrodes(littoralis), based on their size. (The studied larvae were larger than mostThanatophilus adults.)The identification of Thanatophilus species is not evident. Thanatophilusrugosus is recognizable by its wrinkled elytra. Both T. dispar and T. sinuatus aredifficult to distinguish. Since T. dispar is rare (since 1960 only two observations inThe Netherlands; no observations found in Belgium), we could suggest ourspecimens to be T. sinuatus. Not the identification key (SCHILTHUIZEN &VALLENDUUK, 1998) but the species-specific shape of the seventh tergite (i.e. withsemicircular notch = T. sinuatus) was conclusive.P a g e | 69
4.3. LABOULBENIALES OF CARRION BEETLESThe discussion regarding Laboulbeniales of carrion beetles is not that simple.No specific research on Laboulbeniales of carrion beetles has been done sofar. Still, there are some reports of Laboulbeniales on carrion beetles. MAJEWSKI(2003) mentions seven species:Asaphomyces tubanticus on Catops coracinus, C. fuscus, C. westii,Nemadus colonoides, Sciodrepoides fumatus, S. watsoni (Catopidae): 9records;Dimeromyces balazucii on Scaphidema metallicum (Tenebrionidae): 1record;Ecteinomyces trichopterophilus on Acrotrichis and Baeocrara (Ptiliidae): 4records;Laboulbenia notiophili on Nothiophilus (Carabidae): 1 record on beetlecollected upon cadavers; accidental;Laboulbenia pseudomasei on Patrobus and Pterostichus (Carabidae): 1record on beetle collected upon cadavers; accidental;Rhachomyces philonthinus on Philonthus and Spatulonthus (Staphylinidae):4 records;Siemaszkoa valida on Ptenidium nitidum (Ptiliidae) : 1 record.The hosts of Asaphomyces tubanticus (Middelh. & Boelens) Scheloske, allmembers of the Catopidae (Coleoptera), occur in cadavers (and also often infungal fruiting bodies) (MAJEWSKI, 2003). Consequently, this species is until nowconsidered the only species systematically occurring on carrion beetles. A.tubanticus has already been observed in Belgium, on Catops fuscus, C.longulus, C. marginicollis and C. nigricans (RAMMELOO, 1986; DE KESEL &RAMMELOO, 1992; DE KESEL, 1997). In the current research, however, no Catopsspecies have been found.Both Dimeromyces balazucii W. Rossi & Cesari and Siemaszkoa valida T.Majewski have not yet been recorded in Belgium.In this work, no species of Laboulbeniales have been recorded on theexamined insects. Based on the current results (3.1. SONIAN FOREST and 3.2.MEERDAAL FOREST) and on SCHELOSKE (1969), DE KESEL & HAGHEBAERT (1991), DE KESEL(1997) and MAJEWSKI (2003) a parasite-host list for Laboulbeniales on carrionbeetles in Belgium can be drawn (cfr. Table XL below). Only the hosts inSCHELOSKE (1969) and MAJEWSKI (2003) that were also observed in the currentresearch were selected. Thereafter the species of Labulbeniales on those hostsalready present in Belgium were excluded using DE KESEL & HAGHEBAERT (1991)and DE KESEL (1997).Table XL: Parasite-host list for Laboulbeniales on carrion beetles in Belgium, based onthe results of the current research and on SCHELOSKE (1969), DE KESEL & HAGHEBAERT (1991),DE KESEL (1997) and MAJEWSKI (2003). Species in bold have not yet been recorded inBelgium.Parasite HostEuzodiomyces lathrobii Thaxt.Peyritschiella dubia (Thaxt.) I.I. Tav.Rhachomyces pilosellus (C.P. Robin) Thaxt.Lathrobium brunnipes, fovulum, elongatum,geminum, longulumPhilonthus politusLathrobium fulvipenne, geminumP a g e | 70
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LABOULBENIALESEXPLORING AND TESTING
Page 7 and 8:
PART IVPRELIMINARY CHECKLIST OF LAB
Page 9 and 10:
SAMENVATTINGINLEIDINGLaboulbeniales
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PART IGENERAL INTRODUCTIONTHESIS OU
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fifth volume, therefore the sixth v
Page 16 and 17:
1.3.3. THE PERITHECI UMAscospores o
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The identity of appendages, togethe
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Figure IV: Position of Laboulbeniom
Page 22 and 23: LUMBSCH & HUHNDORF (2007) distingui
Page 25 and 26: Substrate is the intermediate facto
Page 27: CAVARA (1899, ref. in BENJAMIN, 197
Page 35 and 36: 1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DIFFICULTIES FO
Page 37 and 38: 2. MATERIALS & METHODS2.1. FUNGUS,
Page 39 and 40: 2.2.6. PROTOCOL V: DIRECT PCROne th
Page 41 and 42: P a g e | 38chance. Thus, the lower
Page 43 and 44: coll1133 Laboulbenia collae IV 608l
Page 45 and 46: Cladosporium (Ascomycota, Dothideom
Page 47 and 48: 5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONSMany a
Page 49 and 50: 1. INTRODUCTION1.1. FORENSIC ENTOMO
Page 51 and 52: Different groups of carrion beetles
Page 53 and 54: The 1.319 ha Meerdaal Forest has be
Page 55 and 56: 2.2. MEERDAAL FOREST(DA TA NA TI O
Page 57 and 58: approximately 2.700 are found in Eu
Page 59 and 60: Order ColeopteraSuborder PolyphagaI
Page 61 and 62: Dermestidae 8 2 23 (3) / 22 (4)Elat
Page 63 and 64: Table XXIV: Family Cerambycidae fro
Page 65 and 66: Table XXVIII: Family Dermestidae fr
Page 67 and 68: Adults prey on other flower-visitin
Page 69 and 70: Table XXXV: Family Scarabaeidae fro
Page 71: Creophilus Samouellemaxillosus (Lin
Page 75 and 76: The knowledge about the preferences
Page 77 and 78: Table XLII: Comparison of carrion b
Page 79 and 80: 5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONSNo spe
Page 81 and 82: 1. INTRODUCTION1.1. NATURAL LANDSCA
Page 83 and 84: In the 40s, Middelhoek studied and
Page 85 and 86: 2. MATERIALS & METHODS2.1. HOSTS2.1
Page 87 and 88: Screening of the insects was done w
Page 89 and 90: 3. RESULTS3.1. PARASITE-HOST LISTA
Page 91 and 92: Figure XV: Detail of thallus of Lab
Page 93 and 94: isodiametric or slightly elongate,
Page 95 and 96: occurs in the lower receptacle (cel
Page 97 and 98: Discussion:Two species of the genus
Page 99 and 100: anches (15-)34-38(-40) µm long, te
Page 101 and 102: 5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONSIn The
Page 103 and 104: P a g e | 100ADRIAENS, T. & GYSELS,
Page 105 and 106: transmission, habitat preference an
Page 107 and 108: STALPERS, J.A., VILGALYS, R., AIME,
Page 109 and 110: MELIS, C., TEURLINGS, I. LINNELL, J
Page 111 and 112: SCHILTHUIZEN, M. & VALLENDUUK, H. (
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