LABOULBENIALES - Agentschap voor Natuur en Bos

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Table XLI: Comparison between Sonian Forest and Meerdaal Forest.Sonian Forest (deer)Meerdaal Forest (pig)Family # specimens # species # specimens # speciesBuprestidae - - 1 1Cantharidae - - 1 1Carabidae 22 4 1 1Cerambycidae - - 3 3Chrysomelidae - - 3 1Cleridae 1 1 9 4Curculionidae - - 4 3Dermestidae - - 8 2Elateridae - - 14 7Geotrupidae 122 1 4 1Histeridae 33 3 44 6Melyridae - - 2 2Nitidulidae - - 15 3Ptiliidae - - 1 1Scarabaeidae - - 6 3Scraptiidae - - 6 3Silphidae 37 7 66 8Staphylinidae 9 6 13 5Tenebrionidae - - 4 2TOTAL 224 22 205 57Notably more Geotrupes specimens have been recorded in the Sonian Forest.However, when recorded that much in the Sonian Forest, one should expectthem to also be present in large numbers in the Meerdaal Forest, since theytypically feed on decomposing organic matter.Also noteworthy is the difference in specimens of carabids: 22 in the SonianForest against only 1 in the Meerdaal Forest.However, in the Meerdaal Forest only the Coleoptera with forensic applicabilitywere collected: many Carabus violaceus and Geotrupes species wereobserved but not collected (YVES BRAET, pers. comm., 2011). Therefore, thenumber of specimens collected in each forest cannot be compared since theprotocols were different. It is suggested to replicate this research, focusing onthe following issues:(1) A single protocol should be used in both the Sonian Forest and MeerdaalForest;(2) Three plots should be studied in each forest, with all plots in the samevegetation type: a plot with deer cadaver, a plot with pig cadaver and acontrol plot;(3) Regarding the influence during the weather (cfr. 4.1. WEATHER), allobservations should be done in the same season, under similar weatherconditions (temperature, humidity), at the same time in the course of aday.Adapting Table XLI following Table XII (in 1.1. FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY) results in atable only comprising carrion beetles, thus with forensic applicability:P a g e | 73
Table XLII: Comparison of carrion beetle families between Sonian Forest and MeerdaalForest.Sonian Forest (deer)Meerdaal Forest (pig)Family # specimens # species # specimens # speciesCleridae 1 1 9 4Dermestidae - - 8 2Histeridae 33 3 44 6Nitidulidae - - 15 3Scarabaeidae - - 6 3Silphidae 37 7 66 8Staphylinidae 9 6 13 5TOTAL 80 17 161 31No Trogidae have been recorded, although those beetles have beendescribed as being frequently present in the proximity of cadavers. DUCHATELET (1986) estimates the number of Western European species on twelve.Four species are present in Belgium, only one of which in the locality of Brussels(TROUKENS, 2007).Since all Coleoptera with forensic significance were collected in both theSonian Forest and Meerdaal Forest, it is no problem to compare the results ofthe two forests with each other. One should not forget, however, that thereare also other factors to be taken into account: soil, forest composition,season, temperature, humidity, ...Reducing the original table of Coleoptera emphasizes even more thedifferences between the two collecting areas. Half of the families with forensicimportance present in the Meerdaal Forest have not been recorded at all inthe Sonian Forest.A very important factor determining insect succession is the geographicalregion where the cadaver is found (ASISTM, 2009). Both the Sonian Forest andthe Meerdaal Forest are remnants of the ancient Silva Carbonaria. However,the soil in the Sonian Forest has some typical characteristics.Soil evolution processes, dating from the time that the climate in these regionswas similar to that in Siberia or northern Canada nowadays, ended some10.000 years ago, along with the ending of the Weichselian glaciation. The soilin the Sonian Forest has never been disturbed by man, resulting in apreservation of the unique soil features. These features include tongue-shapedspots at a depth of 30 to 120 cm. Soil studies have shown that these ferruginousspots are very old bursts, the soil in between being very compact (DE MEYER &LANGOHR, 1984; SANDERS et al., 1985). This means that the root system of treescan only grow superficially, in the humus layer, having both physiological andphysical consequences. All minerals and water available is absorbed by thetrees (physiological root competition). In addition, this superficial root carpetcauses a (physical) lack of space for the evolution of other root systems.The upper 30 cm of the soil in the Sonian Forest displays a dehydration andreduction of all biological processes. In the parts with beech forest, the uppersoil layer, consisting of decomposing leaves, is very thick, since beech leavesP a g e | 74
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LABOULBENIALESEXPLORING AND TESTING
Page 7 and 8:
PART IVPRELIMINARY CHECKLIST OF LAB
Page 9 and 10:
SAMENVATTINGINLEIDINGLaboulbeniales
Page 11 and 12:
PART IGENERAL INTRODUCTIONTHESIS OU
Page 13 and 14:
fifth volume, therefore the sixth v
Page 16 and 17:
1.3.3. THE PERITHECI UMAscospores o
Page 18 and 19:
The identity of appendages, togethe
Page 20 and 21:
Figure IV: Position of Laboulbeniom
Page 22 and 23:
LUMBSCH & HUHNDORF (2007) distingui
Page 25 and 26: Substrate is the intermediate facto
Page 27: CAVARA (1899, ref. in BENJAMIN, 197
Page 35 and 36: 1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DIFFICULTIES FO
Page 37 and 38: 2. MATERIALS & METHODS2.1. FUNGUS,
Page 39 and 40: 2.2.6. PROTOCOL V: DIRECT PCROne th
Page 41 and 42: P a g e | 38chance. Thus, the lower
Page 43 and 44: coll1133 Laboulbenia collae IV 608l
Page 45 and 46: Cladosporium (Ascomycota, Dothideom
Page 47 and 48: 5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONSMany a
Page 49 and 50: 1. INTRODUCTION1.1. FORENSIC ENTOMO
Page 51 and 52: Different groups of carrion beetles
Page 53 and 54: The 1.319 ha Meerdaal Forest has be
Page 55 and 56: 2.2. MEERDAAL FOREST(DA TA NA TI O
Page 57 and 58: approximately 2.700 are found in Eu
Page 59 and 60: Order ColeopteraSuborder PolyphagaI
Page 61 and 62: Dermestidae 8 2 23 (3) / 22 (4)Elat
Page 63 and 64: Table XXIV: Family Cerambycidae fro
Page 65 and 66: Table XXVIII: Family Dermestidae fr
Page 67 and 68: Adults prey on other flower-visitin
Page 69 and 70: Table XXXV: Family Scarabaeidae fro
Page 71 and 72: Creophilus Samouellemaxillosus (Lin
Page 73 and 74: 4.3. LABOULBENIALES OF CARRION BEET
Page 75: The knowledge about the preferences
Page 79 and 80: 5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONSNo spe
Page 81 and 82: 1. INTRODUCTION1.1. NATURAL LANDSCA
Page 83 and 84: In the 40s, Middelhoek studied and
Page 85 and 86: 2. MATERIALS & METHODS2.1. HOSTS2.1
Page 87 and 88: Screening of the insects was done w
Page 89 and 90: 3. RESULTS3.1. PARASITE-HOST LISTA
Page 91 and 92: Figure XV: Detail of thallus of Lab
Page 93 and 94: isodiametric or slightly elongate,
Page 95 and 96: occurs in the lower receptacle (cel
Page 97 and 98: Discussion:Two species of the genus
Page 99 and 100: anches (15-)34-38(-40) µm long, te
Page 101 and 102: 5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONSIn The
Page 103 and 104: P a g e | 100ADRIAENS, T. & GYSELS,
Page 105 and 106: transmission, habitat preference an
Page 107 and 108: STALPERS, J.A., VILGALYS, R., AIME,
Page 109 and 110: MELIS, C., TEURLINGS, I. LINNELL, J
Page 111 and 112: SCHILTHUIZEN, M. & VALLENDUUK, H. (
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