LABOULBENIALES - Agentschap voor Natuur en Bos

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Peyritschiella princeps (Thaxt.) I.I. Tav.Peyritschiella protea Thaxt.Rhadinomyces cristatus (Thaxt.)Rhadinomyces pallidus Thaxt.Symplectromyces vulgaris (Thaxt.) Thaxt.Philonthus politusAnotylus rugosusLathrobium brunnipes, castaneipenne, fulvipenne,geminumLathrobium brunnipesPhilonthus sp.Lathrobium brunnipes has been recorded several times in Belgium (C RÊVECOEURet al., 2004), also parasitized ones: infections with Euzodiomyces lathrobii andRhadinomyces cristatus (D E K ESEL & H AGHEBAERT , 1991; D E K ESEL , 1997). However,no Lathrobium brunnipes specimens infected with Rhadinomyces pallidushave yet been found in Belgium.Important to mention is that cadavers are ephemeral substrates (cfr. 1.2.2. T HE„ ROTTING ‟ OF A CADAVER ). The time for coleopterans to arrive at the cadaver,develop and form new generations is not long enough in order to form stablepopulations.The CDI (cfr. 1.2.2.3. The early decomposition) of the late decomposition stagedisplays increasing soil carbon and nutrients compared to the earlydecomposition stage. This CDI composition thus changes during the differentstages of the „rotting‟ of a cadaver. This effect may exacerbate the inability todevelop stable beetle populations. The species of beetles in the studied areasbelong to different phenology and generation groups, which means that thespecies composition is able to change during the different stages ofdecomposition. Species characteristic of the bloat stage are replaced byother species in the early decomposition and even others in the latedecomposition.A number of these coleopterans has also been observed in plant remains,rotting fruiting bodies of fungi, animal and human feces, decomposing wood,all ephemeral substrates. This is indeed the case for the species ofLaboulbeniales on carrion beetles reported by M AJEWSKI (2003).Carrion beetles have all kind of different habitats (see above), includinghibernation sites, suggesting the difficulty for Laboulbeniales to adapt tocarrion beetles, since Laboulbeniales have their own environmentalpreferences (DE KESEL, 1996).4.4. SPECIES WORTH MENTIONINGThe carrion beetle Necrodes littoralis has been suggested to occur upon acadaver for only a short time (VAN WIELINK, 2004). However, observations at theMeerdaal Forest are inconsistent with this hypothesis. Necrodes littoralis hasbeen recorded upon cadaver 4 in October 2003 (19 larvae) and July 2004 (1adult specimen). According to SCHILTHUIZEN & VALLENDUUK (1998) this speciesoccurs on cadavers of rabbit, dog, goat, deer, sheep, fish and chicken.The current research adds cadavers of pig to that list, regarding the records inthe Meerdaal Forest. The adults of Necrodes littoralis are nocturnal. Collectionof coleopterans happened during daylight, which can be the explanation ofthe fact that only one adult specimen was found upon cadaver 4.P a g e | 71
The knowledge about the preferences of carrion beetles is limited. However,the suggestion that the species of the genus Nicrophorus can breed only in thepresence of rodent carrion (MELIS et al., 2004) is rejected since a total of 24representatives of Nicrophorus are collected in both the Sonian and MeerdaalForest (N. humator, N. investigator, N. vespilloides). Our results are confirmedby VAN WIELINK (2004), who mentions Nicrophorus upon cadavers of fox anddeer.The following observed species are not (yet) present in the BELGIAN SPECIES LISTdatabase (2011):Pyrrhidium sanguineum (Cerambycidae Meerdaal Forest, C3 19.5.4BJ 1)Dermestes haemorrhoidales (Dermestidae Meerdaal Forest, NICC XIV)Dasytes caeruleus (Melyridae Meerdaal Forest, C5 5.V.04 2)Pyrrhidium sanguineum and Dasytes caeruleus, however, have already beenobserved in Belgium by Hugo Raemdonck (unpublished data). Pyrrhidiumsanguineum is even suggested to be a common species in Belgium (MUYLAERT,1984). Dermestes haemorrhoidales is known in seven of the twelve provincesin The Netherlands, also those bordering Belgium; it has also been frequentlyobserved in De Kaaistoep (VORST, 2010; pers. comm. PAUL VAN WIELINK, 2011). Itis unlikely that this species would be new for the Belgian beetle fauna; morelikely is the suggestion that the BELGIAN SPECIES LIST (2011) is underprovided, evenfar from complete.26 specimens of Saprinus semistriatus (Histeridae) have been observed oncadavers of deer in the Sonian Forest, 30 specimens on cadavers of pigs in theMeerdaal Forest. Consequently the suggestion that S. semistriatus is verycommon on all cadavers and habitats (SCHILTHUIZEN & VALLENDUUK, 1998;TROUKENS, 2005) is confirmed.Representatives of Buprestidae, Cantharidae, Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae,Curculionidae, Elateridae, Scraptiidae – 7,5% of all specimens collected at thecadavers – were most likely randomly present. The other species are reportedto be specifically adapted to carrion, to consume any kind of decayingmaterial (adults and/or larvae) or to be carnivorous.4.5. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SONIAN FOREST AND MEERDAALFORESTA total of 79 species from 19 coleopteran families were found: 22 in the SonianForest and 57 in the Meerdaal Forest. Although the total of specimens in bothforests was nearly the same, the number of represented families in theMeerdaal Forest was significantly higher (cfr. Table XLI below).P a g e | 72
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LABOULBENIALESEXPLORING AND TESTING
Page 7 and 8:
PART IVPRELIMINARY CHECKLIST OF LAB
Page 9 and 10:
SAMENVATTINGINLEIDINGLaboulbeniales
Page 11 and 12:
PART IGENERAL INTRODUCTIONTHESIS OU
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fifth volume, therefore the sixth v
Page 16 and 17:
1.3.3. THE PERITHECI UMAscospores o
Page 18 and 19:
The identity of appendages, togethe
Page 20 and 21:
Figure IV: Position of Laboulbeniom
Page 22 and 23:
LUMBSCH & HUHNDORF (2007) distingui
Page 25 and 26: Substrate is the intermediate facto
Page 27: CAVARA (1899, ref. in BENJAMIN, 197
Page 35 and 36: 1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DIFFICULTIES FO
Page 37 and 38: 2. MATERIALS & METHODS2.1. FUNGUS,
Page 39 and 40: 2.2.6. PROTOCOL V: DIRECT PCROne th
Page 41 and 42: P a g e | 38chance. Thus, the lower
Page 43 and 44: coll1133 Laboulbenia collae IV 608l
Page 45 and 46: Cladosporium (Ascomycota, Dothideom
Page 47 and 48: 5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONSMany a
Page 49 and 50: 1. INTRODUCTION1.1. FORENSIC ENTOMO
Page 51 and 52: Different groups of carrion beetles
Page 53 and 54: The 1.319 ha Meerdaal Forest has be
Page 55 and 56: 2.2. MEERDAAL FOREST(DA TA NA TI O
Page 57 and 58: approximately 2.700 are found in Eu
Page 59 and 60: Order ColeopteraSuborder PolyphagaI
Page 61 and 62: Dermestidae 8 2 23 (3) / 22 (4)Elat
Page 63 and 64: Table XXIV: Family Cerambycidae fro
Page 65 and 66: Table XXVIII: Family Dermestidae fr
Page 67 and 68: Adults prey on other flower-visitin
Page 69 and 70: Table XXXV: Family Scarabaeidae fro
Page 71 and 72: Creophilus Samouellemaxillosus (Lin
Page 73: 4.3. LABOULBENIALES OF CARRION BEET
Page 77 and 78: Table XLII: Comparison of carrion b
Page 79 and 80: 5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONSNo spe
Page 81 and 82: 1. INTRODUCTION1.1. NATURAL LANDSCA
Page 83 and 84: In the 40s, Middelhoek studied and
Page 85 and 86: 2. MATERIALS & METHODS2.1. HOSTS2.1
Page 87 and 88: Screening of the insects was done w
Page 89 and 90: 3. RESULTS3.1. PARASITE-HOST LISTA
Page 91 and 92: Figure XV: Detail of thallus of Lab
Page 93 and 94: isodiametric or slightly elongate,
Page 95 and 96: occurs in the lower receptacle (cel
Page 97 and 98: Discussion:Two species of the genus
Page 99 and 100: anches (15-)34-38(-40) µm long, te
Page 101 and 102: 5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONSIn The
Page 103 and 104: P a g e | 100ADRIAENS, T. & GYSELS,
Page 105 and 106: transmission, habitat preference an
Page 107 and 108: STALPERS, J.A., VILGALYS, R., AIME,
Page 109 and 110: MELIS, C., TEURLINGS, I. LINNELL, J
Page 111 and 112: SCHILTHUIZEN, M. & VALLENDUUK, H. (
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