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J.Res. ANGRAU 41(2) 33-41, 2013 ESTIMATION OF HETEROSIS FOR YIELD AND ITS ATTRIBUTING CHARACTERS AND STUDY OF INTRA-SPIKELET COMPETITION FOR SEED SIZE IN FINGER MILLET Eleusine coracana L. PARASHURAM PATROTI and JAYARAME GOWDA All India Coordinated Small Millets Improvement Project (AICSMIP), ICAR, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore-560 065. Date of Receipt : 18.01.2013 Date of Acceptance : 08.03.2013 ABSTRACT An investigation was carried out at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra, Bengaluru during 2009-10 to estimate the extent of heterosis in hybrids and to explore intra-spikelet competition for seed size in finger millet in two separate experiments. Heterosis for yield and yield attributing characters were studied for the hybrids synthesized through Line x Tester mating design using four lines and four testers. Among 16 hybrids developed, percent heterosis over mid parent and better parent was negatively significant in most of the hybrids, suggesting the involvement of dominant gene action with negative effects. The hybrid GE 4596 x L 5 and GE 4596 x GPU 69 had significant and superior per se performance for grain yield per plant, straw yield per plant, finger length, peduncle length, number of fingers per ear, culm thickness and number of productive tillers per plant. The five hybrids viz., GE 4596 x L 5, GE 4596 x GE 5095, GPU 28 x L 5, GPU 28 x GE 5095 and GE 4906 x GE 5095 showed significant heterosis for most of the traits over their parents. Three promising varieties viz., HR 911, PR 202 and GPU 28 were included to know the intra-spikelet competition for seed size. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in 1000 grain weight, collected from different position of florets within a spikelet at different positions of spike, suggesting that there was no intra spikelet competition for seed size under normal environmental conditions and the varieties need to be tested under moisture stress environment. Finger millet Eleusine coracana L. Geartn. ranks first both in area and production among the ‘Nutricereals’ occupying 2.00 m.ha in India with the highest productivity in the state of Karnataka (AICSMIP, 2005). Its nature of low input requirement in terms of labour, technology, costs and high drought resistance and long storage life makes it a pro-poor and marginal farmers’ crop. The seeds can be stored safely for as long as 50 years without pest infestation, which makes it a traditional component of farmers’ risk mitigation strategies in drought prone regions (AICSMIP, 2007). It is highly valued as a reserve food in times of famine. Despite all these merits, this crop has been neglected from the main stream of crop improvement programme. Finger millet being a food crop, yield improvement is the major goal. Information on different traits of interest, especially their genetic control is a prerequisite for planning the genetic improvement strategies. Finger millet is a highly self pollinated crop and hybridization in this crop is restricted due to the small flower size which makes emasculation a difficult task. In recent years, in spite of persistent efforts, the newly evolved varieties are not showing much yield advantage over the varieties bred and released in earlier years. The efforts made by Ravikumar et al. (1986) and Gurunathan (2006) in finger millet, Srivatsav and Yadav (1977) in little millet, Konstantinov and Linnik (1985), Kolyagin and Garbatenko (1986) and Ramesh (1990) in proso millet opens the way and scope for the exploitation of hybrid vigour in minor millets. Keeping this in view in the present investigation an effort was made to estimate the heterosis in finger millet hybrids. In any crop improvement programme, breeding for uniform seed size is one of the objectives and grains of uniform seed size will be preferred while marketing. But many studies indicated that there is a variation in seed size in most of the crops while harvesting. Whether this is true for finger millet also, is the question. So, in this regard an effort was also made to know, whether there is any competition between two florets for photosynthates during physiological maturity which leads to variation in seed size or the variation is due to environmental factors. email: parashu.patroti@rediffmail.com 33
PARASHURAM and JAYARAME MATERIALS AND METHODS Heterosis for yield and its attributing traits Four lines were crossed to four testers in a line x tester mating design (Kempthorne, 1957) in kharif-2009, to generate hybrids by following hot water treatment (Rao and Rao, 1962) for emasculation then contact method for crossing (Ayyangar and Warrior, 1934). Crossed seeds along with their parents were sown in nursery during rabi-2009. The hybrids were first identified in the nursery using purple plant pigmentation as marker. All the eight parents (4 lines and 4 testers) together with 16 crosses were evaluated during rabi-2009. The material was grown in a single row of 3 m length with a spacing of 30 x 10 cm in a randomized block design and replicated twice. The data were recorded on plant height, number of fingers per ear, number of productive tillers per plant, finger length, finger width, culm width, peduncle length, days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, straw yield per plant, grain yield per plant and test weight on five randomly selected plants. The analysis of Randomised Block Design was carried out based on the methods described by Panse and Sukhatme (1967) and significance of heterosis was tested using simple‘t’ test at five per cent and one per cent level of significance. The magnitude of heterosis was estimated over mid parent and better parent (Singh and Chaudhary, 1985). Intra Spikelet Competition for Seed Size The material for this study comprised of mature spike/fingers of three varieties viz., HR 911, PR 2O2 and GPU 28. These varieties were grown both in field and pots in green house. Each spike was divided into three portions. The florets from 1/3 rd position of top, 1/3 rd of middle and 1/3 rd of bottom position of spike of each variety were taken separately. Approximately 100 spikelets from each portion were selected in all three varieties. In each finger there are about 70 spikelets, each spikelet having five to seven complete flowers. However, the experimental varieties having six florets from each spikelet from top to bottom of the spike. The positions of florets in each spikelet were numbered (only six florets hence numbered from one to six) and the seeds of particular position were taken out which were numbered from one to six to a particular bowl which were also numbered as one to six. Thousand grain weights of separately collected floret wise seeds of three different positions was weighed and compared. Analysis of variance for three factorial Completely Randomized Design for floret wise seed weight of three portions of three different varieties was constructed. The varieties were considered as main factors. Sub factors were portions (3), because each variety has been divided into three portions and subsub factors were 6, because each spikelet consists of six florets, for which competition between florets was studied. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Heterosis for yield and related traits The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the parents as well as crosses for all the traits. Higher level of significance in the variance of parents vs hybrids for all the characters clearly indicated the existence of significant level of average heterosis in the hybrids (Table 2). Non additive gene action was noticed for all the characters studied. The results support the findings of Tamilcovane (1994), Madhusudhan et al. (1995) and Patel (1994). Among 16 hybrids developed, per cent heterosis over mid parent and better parent was negatively significant in most of the hybrids except in crosses, GE 6216 x GPU 69 and GE 6216 x GE 5095 for days to 50 per cent flowering and except GE 6216 x GPU 69 and GE 4906 x GE 5095 for days to maturity suggesting the involvement of dominant gene action with negative effects (Table 3). The earlier reports suggest that early types can be obtained from crosses which record negative heterosis. Similar results were obtained by Konstantinov and Linnik (1985) and Ramesh (1990) in proso millet. Significant level of heterosis over mid parent and better parent have been observed for the characters like plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, straw yield per plant and grain yield per plant. From this study, it can be concluded that the non additive gene action favouring hybridization to some extent and the crosses, GE 4596 x L 5 and GE 4596 x GPU 69 are the best crosses for grain yield and most of the yield contributing characters. 34
Page 2 and 3: CONTENTS PART I : PLANT SCIENCE Ads
Page 4 and 5: J.Res. ANGRAU 41(2) 1-10, 2013 ADSO
Page 6 and 7: ADSORPTION DESORPTION OF PENDIMETHA
Page 14 and 15: J.Res. ANGRAU 41(2) 11-15, 2013 STU
Page 16 and 17: STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF PLANT GROW
Page 18 and 19: STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF PLANT GROW
Page 20 and 21: PERFORMANCE OF DRUM SEEDER IN DIREC
Page 22 and 23: PERFORMANCE OF DRUM SEEDER IN DIREC
Page 24 and 25: J.Res. ANGRAU 41(2) 21-25, 2013 EFF
Page 26 and 27: EFFECT OF GRADED LEVELS AND TIME OF
Page 28 and 29: EFFECT OF GRADED LEVELS AND TIME OF
Page 30 and 31: ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN
Page 38 and 39: ESTIMATION OF HETEROSIS FOR YIELD A
Page 46 and 47: INTEGRATED EFFECT OF ORGANIC MANURE
Page 48 and 49: INTEGRATED EFFECT OF ORGANIC MANURE
Page 50 and 51: SCREENING OF LOCAL RHIZOBIAL ISOLAT
Page 56 and 57: CHARACTERIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION
Page 62 and 63: J.Res. ANGRAU 41(2) 59-67, 2013 IDE
Page 64 and 65: IDENTIFICATION OF SUPERIOR PARENTS
Page 72 and 73: EFFECT OF FRONT LINE DEMONSTRATIONS
Page 78 and 79: EFFECT OF FEEDING COMPLETE FEED CON
Page 80 and 81: EFFECT OF FEEDING COMPLETE FEED CON
Page 82 and 83: EFFICACY OF CONTROLLED INTERNAL DRU
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EFFICACY OF CONTROLLED INTERNAL DRU
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EFFICACY OF CONTROLLED INTERNAL DRU
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EFFECT OF NSP ENZYMES AND PREBIOTIC
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HAEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROF
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HAEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROF
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INDIAN BREAD MAKING TOOLS - CONSUME
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Research Notes J.Res. ANGRAU 41(2)
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CROP COEFFICIENTS FOR DRIP AND CHEC
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STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF IRRADIATION
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EVALUATION OF DEFOLIANTS ON MUNGBEA
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YIELD, NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND ECONOMIC
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YIELD, NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND ECONOMIC
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NANO FOOD COLOURS FOR PRODUCT FORMU
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EFFECT OF ORGANIC FERTILISERS ON GR
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EFFECT OF ORGANIC FERTILISERS ON GR
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NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF MICROSPRINKLER I
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EFFECT OF SYNERGIST, TRIPHENYL PHOS
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EFFECT OF SYNERGIST, TRIPHENYL PHOS
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EFFECT OF HARVESTING STAGES AND DRY
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RESPONSE OF AEROBIC RICE TO IRRIGAT
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RESPONSE OF AEROBIC RICE TO IRRIGAT
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DRIP IRRIGATION SCHEDULE FOR CASTOR
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CHARACTER ASSOCIATION AND PATH COEF
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CHARACTER ASSOCIATION AND PATH COEF
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Statement about ownership and other
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GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION OF M
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ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSIDER
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