a-synchronism, a-synchronicity: 82, 63, 97, 103, 109, 112, 117, 119, 120, 194, 213 a-synchronous communication: 112, 124, 189, 195, 209; dialogue: 111, 113, 114; services: 49; teach<strong>in</strong>g and learn<strong>in</strong>g: 13, 14, 15, 21, 103, 194 attitude, changes: 104, 108, 109, 117, 123, 160, 178 audio: 59, 88, 114, 189, 210; audio conference: 18, 96; audio-visual era: 31; audio-visual media: 15, 18, 26, 59, 63, 101, 105, 212 audiographical conference: 96 Australia: 15, 17, 23, 45, 55, 178, 189, 192 authenticity: 172 autonomous learner model: 40, 43, 219–33 autonomy: 50, 67, 85, 93, 108, 119, 125, 149, 194–5, 205, 208, 210, 215, 216, 217, 218, 233; <strong>in</strong>stitutional: 186 basic forms <strong>of</strong> academic teach<strong>in</strong>g and learn<strong>in</strong>g: 198, 199, 205, 207, 210, 211 bachelor's degree: 212 barriers: 29 behaviour: 75, 160, 162, 168, 223, 225; patterns: 76, 161 behaviourist learn<strong>in</strong>g model: 58, 61, 73, 92, 130 Bertelsmann Nixdorf Foundation: 180, 183 body language: 113, 121 bra<strong>in</strong>storm<strong>in</strong>g: 68 brows<strong>in</strong>g: 9, 31, 33, 65, 66, 80, 87, 88, 94, 169, 195, 226 bullet<strong>in</strong> board: 67, 97, 168; paradigm: 32, 33 Cambridge University (UK): 11, 40 campus-based education: 38, 39, 41, 44, 198; students: 41, 191; universities: 35, 115; technically extended: 43 Canada: 15; 17, 18, 96, 161, 203 Carl von Ossietzky University <strong>of</strong> Oldenburg (Germany): 8, 107–28, 215, 223 Catalan Open University (Spa<strong>in</strong>): 191 CD-ROM: 27, 44, 49, 52, 66, 81, 82, 91, 95, 194, 206, 213 Central Radio and Television University (Ch<strong>in</strong>a): 17, 18, 43 change(s): 9, 12, 21, 26, 31, 34, 35, 47, 49, 51, 54, 65, 82, 91, 100, 101, 102, 105, 109, 128, 129, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 149, 160, 164, 174, 191, 2045, 207, 213, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 233; agents: 28, 35; Copernican: 32; cultural: 38, 157, 159, 162, 175; dimension: 100–1; Index 261 educational: 27–8, 50; fundamental: 9, 30, 34, 35, 82, 142, 151, 152, 154, 162, 191, 203, 207; <strong>in</strong>stitutional: 12; <strong>of</strong> humanity: 162; <strong>of</strong> knowledge: 149, 161, 162, 174; <strong>of</strong> the teachers' role: 52, 57, 221, 231; pedagogical: 100–1, 158, 174; qualitative: 143; radical: 31, 110, 145, 162, 204, 233; resistance to: 47, 54–5, 58–9; societal: 14, 38, 151, 152, 154, 174, 175, 177, 203, 213, 233; socio-economic: 27–9; structural: 12, 14, 19, 21, 23, 25, 55, 72, 102, 108, 110, 144–5, 149, 151, 154, 158, 189, 195, 203, 204; technological: 11, 14, 38, 50, 203 chat: 11, 21, 32, 44, 49, 52, 53, 67, 88, 96, 109, 111, 112, 180, 190, 195 Ch<strong>in</strong>a: 17, 18, 19, 43, 69 c<strong>in</strong>ematography: 82 CNDE (France): 17 coach<strong>in</strong>g: 52, 221 cognition: 80, 95, 110, 125, 138, 139, 184 cognitive achievements: 154; activity: 151, 166, 168, 227; apprenticeship: 103; competence: 205; construct: 99; context: 172; flexibility: 88, 94; foundation: 223; learn<strong>in</strong>g programme: 181; operation: 95, 173; overload: 94; philosophy: 147; process: 151, 180; skills: 61, 148, 205; structure: 61, 74, 116, 137, 172, 185, 217, 224; technical complex: 151; tool: 160, 172; units: 65, 66 collaboration: 53, 87, 88, 89, 98, 102, 104, 108, 110, 117, 161, 166, 168, 170, 171, 173, 190, 196, 197, 206, 212, 214, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231; competence: 161; <strong>in</strong>tra-<strong>in</strong>stitutional: 214; space: 90, 98, 227; virtual: 98, 166, 190 college: 11, 15, 18, 19, 26, 38, 41, 44, 83, 84, 107, 126, 178, 185, 187, 191, 192, 206, 223, 224, 225; class: 38, 84, 107, 126, 185, 206 colloquia: 194, 207 Colombia: 18 composite model: 195, 198, 200 commercialisation, commercialism: 21, 50, 54, 154, 155, 203 communication: 20, 32, 63, 82, 87, 88, 89, 96, 97, 99, 102, 104, 108, 109–10, 111, 112, 120, 126, 131, 148, 151, 157, 161, 166, 168, 170, 171, 173, 181, 183, 185, 190, 192, 193, 212, 218, 220, 226, 228, 229, 230, 231; competence: 161;
computer-mediated: 32, 98; digital: 20–1, 50; face-to-face: 119; forms: 52–3, 96, 98, 104; electronic: 119, 146, 164, 210; <strong>in</strong>terpersonal: 64; media: 12, 13, 21, 26, 28, 34, 39, 41, 45, 150, 152; net(-worked) based: 47, 190, 199; non-verbal: 103; onl<strong>in</strong>e: 34; oral: 113; science: 85, 103, 132; society: 207; space: 90, 92, 95, 96, 227; structural: 100; system : 210; technology: 7, 9, 20, 25, 50, 69, 71, 72, 86, 87, 105, 129, 226, 231; virtual: 32, 65, 67–8, 103, 123, 143, 161, 166, 173, 174, 197; text-based: 117; written: 68 community <strong>of</strong> practice: 103; scientific: 210, 224 competence: 57, 143, 160–1, 162, 171, 186, 203, 223, 228, 229; for collaboration: 161, 205; for communication: 161, 205; <strong>in</strong>formation: 161; <strong>in</strong> knowledge management: 161, 170, 228; media: 160, 205, 232; social: 160 complexity: 25, 26–7, 102, 119, 120, 139, 153, 163, 166, 228 comprehensibility: 60 Computer Enhanced Learn<strong>in</strong>g Initiative (CELI): 187 computer conferenc<strong>in</strong>g: 18, 34, 45, 53, 67, 82, 96, 97, 98, 103, 112, 116, 119, 127; paradigm: 32, 68; culture. 163; network: 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 90, 103, 141, 142, 147, 152, 155, 215, 219, 223, 230; pedagogical uses: 49; technology: 11, 64, 85, 144, 187 Conference Board <strong>of</strong> Canada: 161, 203 connect<strong>in</strong>g: 9, 94 connectivity: 98, 102 consciousness: 31, 47, 54, 73, 77, 74, 103, 124, 130, 131, 134; formation: 159–60; public: 29, 48, 170, 228 consortia: 19, 53 constructivist assumption: 224; model, constructivism: 47, 61, 74, 77, 94, 138, 171, 174, 183, 184–5, 186, 196, 218, 230 content: 9, 12, 14, 21, 43, 76, 143, 144, 145, 147, 149, 152, 154, 155, 158, 160, 161, 164, 167, 172, 174, 182, 189, 199, 208, 212, 225, 226, 229, 231, 232, 233; analyses: 48; content-oriented: 177; subject matter: 223, 233 Cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Education</strong> Society: 12 contract learn<strong>in</strong>g: 32, 43, 208 conventions: 38, 90, 192, 227 convergence: 35 convocatio: 83 Index 262 co-operation: 47, 63, 67, 68, 99, 126, 180, 181, 192, 199, 230; trans<strong>in</strong>stitutional: 183, 186; <strong>in</strong>ternational: 22, 23 corrections, automatic: 52, 53 correspondence colleges: 15, 26, 41; education: 14–5, 16, 205; education model: 40, 41, 43; <strong>in</strong>struction: 13, 23; schools: 13, 14, 26; study: 20; university: 18 Costa Rica: 18 costs: 55, 178, 182, 199, 201, 210, 211; development: 183, 198; effectiveness: 183, 198 counsellor, counsell<strong>in</strong>g: 11, 18, 32, 43, 44, 49, 52, 57, 63, 67, 68, 102, 188, 189, 192, 197, 206, 211, 213, 214; virtual: 190 course: 31; <strong>in</strong> hypertext-form: 44; file: 64; prefabricated, pre-prepared: 29, 43, 45 course material: 126, 199; pre-prepared: 18, 42; pr<strong>in</strong>ted: 18, 61 creativity: 30, 45, 105, 112, 120, 143, 148 CUBER-project (Curriculum Builder <strong>in</strong> the Federal Virtual University <strong>of</strong> the Europe <strong>of</strong> Regions): 186 cultural "AIDS": 159; background: 45, 128; change: 38, 157, 162, 175; conditions: 228; context: 97, 172, 173; critic: 133, 159; difference: 97; distance: 13, 15, 18; factors: 139, 170; history aspects: 76, 104, 154, 158, 232–3; model: 76, 78; pattern: 38, 39; process: 151; prerequisites: 27; sett<strong>in</strong>g: 37, 146, 155; shift: 29, 233 culture shock: 159 curricula: 21, 25, 27, 34, 100, 177, 184, 186, 192, 199, 205, 207, 211, 215, 227; modern: 29–30; post-modern: 29–30 customer, customer satisfaction: 28 data: 79, 86, 89, 91, 132, 133, 153; base: 44, 51, 52, 53, 61, 86, 88, 94, 96, 99, 101, 121, 220; highway: 124; management: 31; retrieval: 31; pool: 64 de-<strong>in</strong>stitutionalisation: 49, 233 delegation: 166 delivery: 11, 12, 21, 26, 45,182 Delphi-II Study: 50, 51, 220 deregulation: 233 dialogue: 30, 49, 62, 88, 92, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 127, 209; a-synchronous: 111, 113; <strong>in</strong> electronic communication: 119; oral, spoken, face-to-face: 110, 113, 114, 115, 121, 170, 191; written: 115 digital revolution: 9, 34, 204
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- Page 236 and 237: References Aebli, H. (1983). Die Wi
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