search eng<strong>in</strong>e: 64, 95, 142, 188 search<strong>in</strong>g: 9, 44, 62, 69, 94, 95, 96, 101, 116, 132, 108, 135, 149, 166, 181, 186, 199, 206, 226; four types: 66 second chance: 38 self-activity: 222 self-assessment: 197, 224 self-determ<strong>in</strong>ation: 69, 85, 101, 208 self-directed <strong>in</strong>quiry: 216, 223, 233 self-evaluation: 108, 109, 116, 233; questionnaire: 127–8 self-government: 217 self-help group: 61, 206 self-<strong>in</strong>struction: 31, 100, 219 self-learn<strong>in</strong>g: 64, 109, 110, 116, 117, 161, 183, 185, 196, 197, 199, 203, 207–8, 209, 211, 212, 213, 214, 224; phases: 49; processes: 50, 116; strategy: 109 self, post-modern: 29 self-realisation: 29, 98, 221 self-reflection: 109 self-regulation: 108, 168, 199, 221, 232 self-reliance: 221 self-responsibility: 166, 228 self-selection: 233 self-study: 41, 51, 191, 193, 198, 205, 207, 208, 212, 213, 216, 230 self-teach<strong>in</strong>g: 47, 216, 219 sem<strong>in</strong>ar: 11, 18, 20, 32, 43, 44, 47, 67, 79, 81, 89, 97, 98, 107–28,194, 203, 205, 206, 207, 209, 211, 219, 224, 31, 232; face-t<strong>of</strong>ace: 118, 127, 157; lecturer-dom<strong>in</strong>ated: 108; real: 108, 109, 110, 111, 114–5, 117, 120, 121, 231 sem<strong>in</strong>ar, virtual: 8, 37, 44, 67, 78, 79, 81, 82, 91, 97, 98, 102, 107–28, 178, 182, 193, 194, 195, 197, 206, 210, 224, 226, 231–2; advantages: 111–2; deficits: 118; disadvantages: 113–4; dist<strong>in</strong>ct properties: 118; <strong>in</strong>troductory letter: 124 Seton Hall University (USA): 187–8, 192 signal: 132, 133, 153, 178 simulation : 31, 47, 49, 62, 68, 87, 88, 89, 91, 98–100, 132, 144, 145, 163, 166, 169, 172, 181, 196, 219, 226; space: 90, 94, 227 skills: 22, 87, 89, 93, 99, 100, 101, 113, 117, 119, 120, 135, 179, 184, 185, 199, 212, 214, 223, 224, 231, 233; cognitive: 61, 148, 205; educational: 107, 211; <strong>in</strong>teractive: 61; methodical: 205, 212; receptive: 193; social: 61, 205, 212 social background: 27, 70, 172, 212; conditions: 14, 228; configurations: 97, Index 271 186; contact: 206; distance: 13, 15; forces: 34; <strong>in</strong>tercourse: 104, 198, 206, 207, 209–10, 224; <strong>in</strong>teraction: 32–3, 104; isolation: 34; presence: 113, 118, 122; relations: 29, 82, 98, 160, 185, 195, 213; responsibility: 98, 203; shift: 233; situation: 85, 146, 148, 155; skills: 61, 205, 212; system: 213 societal perception: 224 s<strong>of</strong>tware develop<strong>in</strong>g: 63, 151 South Africa: 17, 18, 23, 41 South America: 23 Soviet Union: 15 space: 72, 75, 76, 89; collaboration: 90, 98, 227; communication: 90, 92, 95, 96, 227; digital: 148; documentation: 90, 92; exploration: 90, 93, 94, 227; hyper: 72, 104; hypertext: 90, 93; <strong>in</strong>formation: 71, 86, 90, 95, 227; <strong>in</strong>struction: 90, 92, 99; <strong>in</strong> virtual reality: 79, 90, 196; knowledge: 89, 172; multimedia: 71, 86, 90, 92, 94, 99; occurrence: 80, 81; presentation: 80, 81, 99; real learn<strong>in</strong>g: 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 91, 103, 105, 107, 120, 178, 179, 191, 195, 223, 226, 227; semantic: 80, 81; simulation: 90, 94, 227; space and time: 78, 102, 208, 213; virtual: 71, 72, 81, 84, 85, 89, 90, 92, 96, 100, 101, 103, 104, 148–9, 160, 166, 169, 178, 179, 181, 187, 189, 194, 196, 201, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228 Spa<strong>in</strong>: 18, 191 spatial metaphor: 81 spatial structures: 79 speak<strong>in</strong>g: 38, 39 Sri Lanka: 18 strategy: 214 structural transition: 109 structure <strong>of</strong> discussion: 120–1 student(s), adult: 15, 21, 27, 45, 121, 188, 190, 191, 193, 215; ambitious: 29; autonomous, autonomy: 93;102, 110, 195, 121, 208, 215–33; biographies: 97, 110, 122–3; dependent: 108, 123; emancipation: 195; identity: 104, 122, 213; <strong>in</strong>active: 57, 121–2; <strong>in</strong>dependent: 7, 39, 40, 67, 101, 107, 110, 115, 123, 184, 197, 221, 223, 224; <strong>in</strong>visible: 97, 121, 122; isolation: 47, 102, 103, 113, 119, 171; learn<strong>in</strong>g witnesses: 121; (<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g) number: 12, 21, 27, 182, 188, 205; onl<strong>in</strong>e: 50, 121, 122, 193; selfcontrolled: 29; self-confidence: 122;
self-regulated: 9, 29, 115, 126; self-reliant: 43, 107, 115; status: 27; upwardly mobile: 29 study centres: 15, 18, 41, 42, 57, 67, 206 study conditions: 207 study, student-oriented: 70, 128, 186 Sukkothai Thammatirat Open University (Thailand): 17 support: 40, 41, 42, 43, 55, 63, 100, 101, 102, 177, 180, 189, 191, 192, 196, 200, 201, 211, 212, 215, 216, 219, 224, 225, 232; lack <strong>of</strong>: 203; service: 203, 182; systems: 58, 178, 182, 211 surf<strong>in</strong>g: 88, 163, 165, 166, 195, 214 synchronicity: 44, 49, 63, 82, 189, 194, 195 synonyms: 78, 216, 217 Taiwan: 18 target-means calculation: 39 teachers: 9, 11, 12, 13, 19, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 38, 39, 44, 45, 47, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 74, 76, 82, 84, 86, 89, 92, 93, 94, 101, 102, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 115, 119, 121, 123, 126, 130, 143, 166, 168, 172, 178, 180, 184, 186, 187, 192, 193, 195, 197, 198, 204, 206, 208, 209, 211, 214, 215, 221, 224, 228, 231; authoritarian control <strong>of</strong>: 121; current situation <strong>of</strong>: 26; function: 93, 101, 121, 199, 213, 217; image <strong>of</strong>: 58, 221; regulation: 221; resistance <strong>of</strong>: 55, 214; (chang<strong>in</strong>g) role: 49, 52, 57, 178, 220, 221, 231; tasks: 62, 87, 110, 172, 185 teach<strong>in</strong>g: 59; behaviour: 25, 31, 38, 39–40, 61, 68, 82–3, 85, 88, 92, 93, 101–2, 107, 181, 183, 189; computer network: 48, 49, 50, 51, 54; conventional: 34, 49, 63, 89, 90, 100, 107, 178, 180, 181, 186, 193, 194, 200; digitised: 59, 182; expository: 9, 21, 23, 25, 29, 31, 43, 52,57, 58, 63, 68, 76, 90, 92–3, 107, 109, 128, 172, 180, 181, 185, 195, 200, 205, 209, 215, 221, 222, 223, 225, 230, 233; extended classroom: 40, 44–5; face-to-face: 18, 44, 82, 96, 97, 107, 128, 189, 193, 207, 209, 223; modernisation: 103, 204; net-based: 44, 180, 183, 186, 194; oral: 39, 83, 84, 223, 225; presentational: 58, 61, 69, 92, 94, 96, 209; redesign: 31; reciprocal: 103; text-based: 194; traditional: 13, 21, 31, 33, 35, 51, 58, 72, 82; 83, 86, 87, 89, 92, 96, 98, 101, 103, 105, 107, 108, 110, 118, 170, 172, 174, 185, 189, 193, 203, 204, Index 272 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 213, 214, 220, 226, 233; video-based: 18, 194 technical configuration: 48, 151 technological advances: 31, 25, 85, 89, 183; change: 11, 28, 38, 203, 233; development: 64, 227; forces: 21, 34, 35; functions: 86–7, 89, 196, 226 technological extended classroom teach<strong>in</strong>g model: 40, 44–5 telecommunication, advantages: 11 teleconferenc<strong>in</strong>g: 16, 18, 21; 33, 44, 69, 209, 210, 213 telecosm: 218 tele-learn<strong>in</strong>g: 19, 35, 212 telematic applications: 13 telephone: 110 tele-presence: 79–80, 82 television: 15, 16, 17, 18, 26, 34, 42, 43, 44, 54, 57, 60, 67, 69, 105, 131, 210 Terbuka (Indonesia): 17 test, diagnostic: 92; performance: 92 Thailand: 17 theoris<strong>in</strong>g: 37 theory: 7, 14, 21, 53, 58, 61, 73, 75, 86, 92, 98, 100, 132, 136, 139, 144, 152, 153, 155, 158, 169, 170, 174, 184, 187, 209, 216, 218, 221, 228 Th<strong>in</strong>kPad Universities: 55, 187–8, 191–2, 200 tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g: 19, 22, 23, 27, 45, 50, 65, 73, 99, 105, 128, 131, 159, 194, 203, 206, 214, 220 tradition: 13, 18, 23, 31, 37, 38–9, 42, 43, 45, 57, 58, 65, 74, 76, 84, 90, 109, 144, 189, 195, 209, 216, 217, 218, 221; break with: 23, 38–9, 58, 65, 193 transition: 37, 74, 109, 233 trends <strong>of</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ions: 50 Turkey: 17 tutor, tutor<strong>in</strong>g: 8,, 11, 18, 32, 34, 41, 44, 62, 63, 67, 68, 92, 98, 102, 195, 196, 198, 206, 211, 225; virtual: 32, 63, 182, 186, 189, 190, 193, 195, 197, 199, 206, 211 under-served: 45 understand<strong>in</strong>g: 212 United States: 8, 18; 20, 41, 44, 45, 53, 68, 107–28, 183, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193 United K<strong>in</strong>gdom: 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 32, 39, 40, 41, 42, 67, 82 , 191 Universidad National de <strong>Education</strong> a Distancia (Spa<strong>in</strong>): 17 Universidade Abierta (Portugal): 18
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Studien und Berichte der Arbeitsste
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Acknowledgements Chapter 1: “Grow
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Foreword by Fred Lockwood As an edu
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Introduction Owing to the exponenti
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1 Growing Importance of Distance Ed
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