hypertext: 21, 31, 32, 33, 40, 44, 58, 65–7, 81, 87, 88, 90, 91, 93, 94, 102, 144, 169, 195, 198, 210, 214, 226, 231; space: 90, 93, 227 IBM: 98, 187 identity f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g: 164 image <strong>of</strong> distance education: 13, 15; 16, 100, 204; human: 85, 164; imag<strong>in</strong>ary: 77 image (picture): 59, 61, 65, 77, 78, 88, 132, 138, 139, 174, 195 India: 15, 17, 20, 23 Indira Gandhi National Open University (India): 17 <strong>in</strong>dividualisation: 11, 47, 50, 52, 94, 102, 146, 149, 183, 197, 221, 233 Indonesia: 17, 19 <strong>in</strong>formation: 9, 33, 44, 95, 96, 101, 109, 120, 129–56, 157–75, 218, 219, 220, 226, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232; accumulation: 120; acquir<strong>in</strong>g/acquisition: 44, 64, 133, 142, 146; “<strong>in</strong>formation bomb”: 131; chang<strong>in</strong>g: 44, 145; competence: 161; comments: 154–5; configur<strong>in</strong>g: 166; design: 231; distribution: 153, 171, 228, 229; evaluat<strong>in</strong>g: 44, 66, 94, 101, 206, 229; highway: 78, 133; judg<strong>in</strong>g: 44; landscape: 89, 172; manag<strong>in</strong>g, management: 44, 95–6, 132, 161; McDonaldisation: 146; overflow: 142; presentation: 87, 143, 192, 226; retrievable <strong>in</strong> common languages: 5; retriev<strong>in</strong>g: 44, 132; search<strong>in</strong>g for: 9, 44, 66, 94, 96, 101, 108, 132, 149, 181, 206, 226; society: 22, 48, 130, 141, 144, 150–1, 152, 205, 233; space: 71, 86, 90, 95, 196, 227; stored: 220; stor<strong>in</strong>g: 44, 51, 87, 95–6, 132, 138, 143, 145, 146, 147, 150, 151, 154, 157, 165, 174; summary: 153–4; transformation: 153, 155, 157–75, 229; visualis<strong>in</strong>g: 166 <strong>in</strong>formation and communication media: 12, 13, 20–1, 26, 28, 34, 39, 41, 45, 150, 152; science: 85, 132; society: 207; systems: 212; technologies: 7, 20, 25, 26, 50, 71, 72, 86, 105, 129, 130, 153, 160, 196, 204, 208, 226, 232 <strong>in</strong>formation and knowledge: 130, 153, 154, 228; commercialisation: 155; common features: 145; conception: 174; differences: 145; management: 96; overlapp<strong>in</strong>gs: 147; overview: 147–8, 151; relation between: 165, society: 184, 189 <strong>in</strong>fra-structural factors: 45 Index 265 <strong>in</strong>novation: 11, 13, 22, 34, 47, 48, 59, 65, 67, 94, 98, 101, 102, 105, 130, 160, 170, 187, 189, 192, 194, 200, 208, 215, 220, 228; educational: 91, 228; pedagogical: 54, 158, 192, 193, 222–6; technical/ technological: 27, 90, 187, 227 <strong>in</strong>stantaneity: 162 <strong>in</strong>stitutional autonomy: 186; patterns: 187–93 <strong>in</strong>struction: 7, 26, 31, 38, 43, 44, 52, 53, 130, 131, 134, 169, 177, 182, 217, 218; academic: 41, 47; correspondence: 13, 23; face-to-face: 20, 117, 180; design: 93; group: 98; <strong>in</strong>dividual: 180, 217; learner-controlled: 216; live: 44; multi-sensory: 58; oral: 83; paradigm: 92; pedagogy: 69; programmed: 52, 92, 130, 221; space: 90, 92, 99, 196, 227; synchronous: 44; target-reach<strong>in</strong>g: 74; technology: 93; traditional: 53, 86 <strong>in</strong>structional design(er): 21; 39, 48, 49, 82, 86, 89, 105, 110, 129, 130, 157, 168, 218, 225, 226, 230, 231, 232; situation: 39; systems: 45 <strong>in</strong>teraction: 39, 44, 62, 69, 73, 74, 75, 81, 82, 83, 89, 98, 111, 115, 119, 122, 126, 135, 142, 143, 160, 171, 181, 189, 191, 213, 229, 232; electronic: 104, 112, 114, 115, 119; face-to-face: 25, 104, 112, 113; forms: 38, 113; four types: 32–3; pedagogical: 38; process: 75, 103; social: 32–3, 104; structure: 76; synchronous: 103; virtual: 25, 32, 89, 118 <strong>in</strong>teractivity: 9, 11, 18, 21, 30, 34, 44, 52, 58, 61–3, 65, 67, 69, 89, 99, 102, 113, 119, 151, 166, 181, 182, 183, 189, 190, 192, 193, 196, 197, 198, 206, 209, 212 <strong>in</strong>ternational commercial corporations: 12 International Council for Correspondence <strong>Education</strong> (ICCE): 17 International Council for Open and <strong>Distance</strong> <strong>Education</strong> (ICDE): 20, 25, 27 <strong>in</strong>ternet: 11, 12, 19, 34, 35, 52, 54, 55, 66, 71, 78, 79, 80, 85, 97, 116, 123, 148, 164, 165, 166, 168, 171, 172, 181, 182, 187, 188, 195, 210, 228 Internet Relay Chat Channel: 196 <strong>in</strong>ternet technology: 11, 34 <strong>in</strong>ternet universities: 55, 187, 188, 190, 192, 200 Internet University <strong>in</strong> Cambridge (USA): 188 <strong>in</strong>terpretation (<strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation): 133, 228 Iran: 17
isolation: 47, 102, 103, 111, 119 Israel: 18 Japan: 17, 18, 43, 140 knowledge build<strong>in</strong>g community: 31, 67, 97, 98, 99, 103, 110, 161, 197, 206, 226, 229–30 knowledge: 12, 33, 34, 39, 85, 95, 129–56, 218, 220, 223, 224, 226, 228, 229, 230, 232; acquisition: 39, 60, 69, 138, 140, 143, 146, 155, 157, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167–72, 173, 174, 121, 213, 227–8, 229, 231, 232; canon: 162; classical: 129, 153, 155, 157, 164–5, 173; construction: 117, 125, 135, 139, 169–70, 232; contextually relevant: 165; cognition science aspects: 139; comments: 154–5; communication: 171; "debedd<strong>in</strong>g": 155; design: 134, 138, 167; dimensions <strong>of</strong> mean<strong>in</strong>g: 135, 137; distribution: 229, 232; generation: 146, 166, 171, 229; <strong>in</strong>formed: 12, 141–4, 148, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165–6, 167–75, 228, 229; <strong>in</strong>ternal: 96, 142, 143, 165, 166, 228; <strong>in</strong>terpretation: 138, 140; management: 87, 96, 121, 143, 147, 154, 156, 157, 161, 166, 167, 170–1, 225, 226, 228–9; knowledge-based management: 134, 174; mean<strong>in</strong>gs: 134, 140–1, 148, 153, 157; meta: 139, 157, 166; new: 68, 91, 99, 110, 117, 123, 141, 142, 143, 144, 157, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 169, 173, 229, 230; order: 233; philosophical aspects: 139–40; post-<strong>in</strong>dustrial mean<strong>in</strong>g: 140–1; production : 141, 142, 143, 147, 149, 153, 154, 155, 161, 158, 165; productive force: 170; psychological aspects: 138–9; range <strong>of</strong> mean<strong>in</strong>g: 135, 136; representation: 87, 100, 144, 145, 167, 171; shar<strong>in</strong>g: 160, 167; sociological aspects: 137; society: 12, 23, 34, 85, 91, 100,105, 130, 134, 141, 144, 150–1; 151–3, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 167, 170, 171, 175, 177, 184, 189, 198, 200, 201, 203, 204, 212, 228, 233; space: 89, 172; structure: 68, 99, 108, 125, 126, 135, 146, 149, 169, 173; structural change: 144, 149, 158; summary: 153–4; traditional: 12, 135, 136, 142, 143, 144, 146, 148–50, 157, 158, 159; transformation: 157–75, 180; use: 171; value-added factor : 170; worker: 134, 143, 154, 160, 162 Index 266 Korea: 17, 19, 43 Korean National University. 19 language, written: 39 lateral th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g: 30, 33 learner: 13, 17, 22, 32, 33, 38, 39, 57, 69, 74, 75, 84, 88, 89, 110, 111, 118, 155, 160, 166, 167, 168, 172, 173, 178, 186, 192, 195, 216, 217, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 233; active: 57, 100, 167, 168, 170; autonomous/ autonomy: 7; 10, 31, 40, 43, 57, 64, 66, 68, 108, 115, 124, 125, 126, 128, 168, 177, 179, 184, 197, 215, 216, 217, 218, 220, 224, 227, 230, 231, 232; distant: 11, 43; empowerment: 207; flexibility: 187, 195; identity: 221; onl<strong>in</strong>e: 171, 216, 288; orientation, learner-oriented: 11, 108, 171–2; responsibility: 57, 66, 126, 160, 166, 177, 184, 186, 201; self-directed: 8, 9; self-reliant: 9, 43, 107, 115; self-regulated: 9, 126, 177; task: 173 learn<strong>in</strong>g activated, active: 74, 125, 167–8, 186, 199, 223, 233; activity: 53, 83, 86, 91, 96, 97, 101, 108, 109, 110, 118, 120, 125, 182, 196, 205–6, 207, 211, 225; architecture: 86; articulation: 65; as construction: 167; automatic: 64; autonomous: 9, 11, 21; 25, 27, 41, 43, 45, 47, 51, 52, 53, 55, 57, 63–9, 74, 85, 88, 92, 93–100, 102, 107, 108–9, 112, 119, 123, 125, 127, 128, 155, 157, 168, 175, 181, 183–4, 189, 196, 198, 199, 200, 203, 205, 208, 212 , 214, 215–33; behaviour: 21, 25, 31, 38, 39–40, 61, 66, 68, 81, 82–3, 85, 88, 92, 93, 100, 101–2, 107, 155, 157, 167, 168, 175, 180, 181, 183, 185, 189, 196, 198 , 199, 222, 223, 224, 230, 233; by construction: 61, 181; by design: 226, 231; by discovery: 44, 69, 85, 89, 102, 156, 166, 169, 197, 212, 215, 228; by exploration: 88, 93–4, 102, 156, 166, 167, 169, 186, 197, 199, 225, 228; by do<strong>in</strong>g: 44, 68, 94, 128, 197, 225, 231; by <strong>in</strong>creased collaboration: 225; by <strong>in</strong>creased communication: 225; by knowledge management: 156, 167, 170–1, 225, 226; by navigation: 169; by problem-solv<strong>in</strong>g: 85; by research: 197, 198, 199, 228, 230; by search<strong>in</strong>g: 44, 66, 94, 199; climate: 39, 111; collaborative: 69, 90, 98, 227, 230, 227, 230; communicative: 49, 68, 90, 178, 227, 230, 231, 232; community: 225, 231;
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