digitisation, digitalisation: 11, 41, 47, 51, 53, 65, 105, 129, 140, 144, 152, 204, 218, 219, 224; resistance to: 54; transformation <strong>of</strong> society through: 140 digitised books: 64; learn<strong>in</strong>g: 20, 31, 33, 44, 52, 57–70,79, 83, 84, 91, 180, 183, 184, 190, 191, 194, 196, 197, 198, 200, 215, 223, 226; pedagogical shifts: 31–5 discourse, academic: 69, 88, 198, 201, 207, 209, 213, 224; scholarly: 45, 120, 121; scientific: 11, 84, 170, 191, 198, 199, 206 discussion: 32, 67, 68, 80, 88, 96, 97, 108, 111, 113, 115, 117, 126, 180, 189, 192, 196, 206, 207, 209, 221, 222, 226, 230, 232; structure: 120–1; problems: 126 disembedd<strong>in</strong>g mechanism: 213 disputatio: 84 <strong>Distance</strong> <strong>Education</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Transition</strong>: 7 distance education: 11, 13–23, 15, 21, 26, 29, 41, 45, 51, 58, 182, 199, 201, 203, 205, 219, 221, 224; accepted: 51; computerbased: 12; concepts: 25–35, 37, 40–6, 128; course: 22, 44, 122; curricula for: 29; digitised: 23; digitalisation: 41; dual mode: 214; efficacy: 59; expansion and growth: 11, 17–20; European <strong>in</strong>itiatives: 22–3; first generation: 34, 41, 61, 62, 67, 96; forerunner: 14; grow<strong>in</strong>g demand: 13, 17, 188; grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>terest: 13, 16–7; historical perspectives: 14–6, 26; history: 13, 14, 16, 26, 37, 64; humanitarian goal: 38; impact <strong>of</strong> digitisation: 7, 20–1; importance: 13–24, 50, 220; legacy: 7, 218, 221; material: 54; mission: 37; models: 37, 40–5; nature 38; new era: 20, 42,69, 86; re-eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g: 69; pedagogy: 9, 11, 33, 68, 69, 83, 84, 107, 130, 158, 159, 162, 193; second generation: 34, 42, 61, 223; system: 44, 50, 220; research: 13, 20; third generation: 12, 61, 225; third period: 16, 17, 20; three periods: 13, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23; traditional: 61, 63, 69 distance learners: 11, 33, 108, 109 distance students: 15, 21, 61, 67, 115, 171, 208, 228 distance teach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>stitutions: 7, 17, 18, 34, 40 distance teach<strong>in</strong>g universities: 15–6; 17–9, 21, 35, 40, 41, 42, 70, 115, 187, 189–91, 193, 198, 210; dual-mode: 19, 23, 213; s<strong>in</strong>gle-mode: 13, 15, 17, 19, 214 distance teach<strong>in</strong>g: 13, 22, 45, 58, 92, 203, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212; cost: 201; model: 15, 45; network-based: 40; onl<strong>in</strong>e: 45; Index 263 system: 220; teleconferenc<strong>in</strong>g-based: 18, 44; traditional: 82; video-based: 18 distributed <strong>in</strong>formation: 89, 165, 166, 169, 198, 228, 230; learn<strong>in</strong>g: 21, 124, 178, 189, 190, 193, 194, 200, 219, 226, 229, 230, 231, 232 diversity: 192, 198 documentation management: 87; space: 90, 92, 227 dom<strong>in</strong>ation: 77, 92, 221 doubt: 82, 155, 164, 173, 198 drill and practice: 49, 52, 53, 58, 62, 191 eclectism: 30 École Universelle: 41 economic factors: 21, 28, 34, 45, 86 economy <strong>of</strong> scale: 45 EDEN Research Workshop 2004: 219 education, access to: 7, 13, 22; adult: 7, 23, 27, 28, 28, 208; commercialisation: 50, 54; commodisation: 54; concepts: 161, 162, 175; cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g: 7, 19, 27, 28, 38, 74, 91, 104, 105, 129, 155–6, 157, 171, 175, 193, 204, 205, 211 213; development: 17, 19, 22, 184; face-to-face: 40; f<strong>in</strong>anc<strong>in</strong>g: 28; forms: 17, 25, 29, 39, 82; goals: 21, 27, 39, 86, 107, 128, 158, 163, 167, 177, 183, 199, 221, 222; group: 98; lifelong: 157, 163, 175, 211;market: 51, 192; mass: 15, 27, 28, 45, 53, 168, 189; mechanisation: 18, 35; models: 25, 85, 87, 161, 162; open: 40, 42, 45, 63, 218; paradigm shift: 14, 20, 25–36, 68, 177; policy: 15, 38, 45, 49, 85, 141, 214, 204, 222; privatisation: 50; processes: 21, 54, 75, 130, 158; purposes: 19, 85, 86, 96, 184, 233; science: 82, 86, 94; scientific: 38; (socio-economic) conditions: 21, 27–9, 34; structure: 76, 207, 212; systems: 14, 22, 23, 28, 47, 48, 55, 162, 192, 219; targets: 74, 16; technology: 15, 20, 39; tertiary level: 16, 35, 37, 73; theory: 218; transaction: 38, 39; university: 27, 38, 42, 194, 201, 205–7, 210, 211, 214 educational goals: 21, 107, 128, 158, 192, 199, 218; network: 51, 221; theory: 98, 221–2 educationists: 73, 152, 185, 215, 216, 224; reform-m<strong>in</strong>ded: 221 electronic books: 31, 32, 64, 66; notice-board: 96, 97 e(lectronic)-mail: 49, 52, 53, 67, 88, 91, 95, 96, 97, 109, 110, 121, 125, 168, 179, 189, 190, 195, 197, 198, 210, 214; e-mail paradigm: 32, 33, 68
emergence: 13, 17, 84, 86, 159, 162, 186, 215, 218, 225, 233 emergency situations: 16 Empire State College (USA): 43, 68, 208 entrepreneurs: 14 environment: 75, 138, 139, 149, 169, 185, 224; communication-based: 218; cultural: 146; programmed: 144; technological: 20; virtual: 115, 178–9, 194 epoch, change: 145, 158,159; new: 15, 33, 100 equality <strong>of</strong> educational opportunity: 7 essay: 92, 98, 116, 123, 124, 125 Europe: 14, 51, 74 European Association <strong>of</strong> <strong>Distance</strong> <strong>Education</strong> Universities (EADTU): 22 European cont<strong>in</strong>ental universities: 108; culture: 144, 162; <strong>in</strong>itiatives: 22–3 European <strong>Distance</strong> <strong>Education</strong> Network (EDEN): 22, 219, 223 European Union, European Community: 13, 22, 186, 188 evaluation: 20, 48, 50, 95,105, 108, 109, 110, 116, 117, 119, 122, 123–4, 127, 142, 159, 166, 168, 230; <strong>in</strong>strument: 123–4 exam<strong>in</strong>ation-preparation model: 40–1 experience, split: 80 experiment: 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 32, 45, 59, 60, 62, 63, 88, 91, 127, 129, 135, 149, 154, 155, 163, 169, 180, 183, 189, 190, 192, 193, 199, 200, 213, 214 expert system: 31, 32, 44, 147 exploration space: 90, 93, 94, 227 face-to-face culture: 195; dialogue: 113, 114, 115, 116, 127, 191; discourse: 45, 199, 201; education: 38, 40, 83, 198; encounters: 224; experience: 199; <strong>in</strong>struction: 20, 117, 180; <strong>in</strong>teraction: 25, 26, 38, 39, 111, 113, 198; learn<strong>in</strong>g: 11, 12, 189; sem<strong>in</strong>ar: 116, 118, 157; situation: 26, 38, 39, 114, 126, 127; teach<strong>in</strong>g: 14, 18, 28, 35, 40, 44, 69, 82, 96, 97, 107, 128, 189, 193, 207, 209, 210, 223 facilitator, facilitat<strong>in</strong>g: 9, 43, 57, 212, 220, 224 FernUniversität (Germany): 18, 60, 63, 70, 71, 77, 150, 186, 190, 193 flagg<strong>in</strong>g: 94 flexibility: 22, 65, 86, 163, 143, 177–202, 205, 211; cognitive: 88, 94; <strong>in</strong>tellectual: 120; pedagogical: 177–202 Foundation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Distance</strong> <strong>Education</strong> course: 107–28 France: 14, 17 Index 264 functions, technological: 86–7, 89, 196, 226, 227 generation <strong>of</strong> distance education, first: 34, 41, 61, 62, 67, 96, 222–3; 34, 42, 61, 222–3; third: 12, 61, 225 Germany: 8, 14; 17, 18, 48, 50, 57, 60, 63, 70, 71, 77, 98, 107–28, 131, 135, 150, 158, 180, 181, 183, 186, 190, 193, 203, 209, 223 Global Campus Initiative: 187 globalisation: 21, 37, 51, 151, 203 Google: 219 group distance education model: 40, 42–3 group cohesion: 115; education: 44, 69, 82, 97, 98, 100, 109, 111, 112, 121, 115, 116, 117, 121, 122, 125, 126, 127, 145, 189; <strong>in</strong>struction: 98; learn<strong>in</strong>g: 29, 32, 68, 211, 229, 230; virtual: 108, 182, 229, 230; work: 52, 69, 98, 108, 182, 191 guidance: 58, 179, 194, 198, 206, 208, 211, 217 guide on the side: 9 guided tour: 31, 58, 81, 88, 93, 169 guid<strong>in</strong>g concepts: 225–6 Gutenberg Galaxy: 144, 164 Gutenberg Project: 66 hesitation: 198 heuristic scheme: 232 higher education: 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 32, 45, 61, 177, 178, 180, 185, 186, 192, 197, 200, 201, 208, 212; access to: 13, 28, 90; changes: 19, 191; development: 17, 19; for adults: 19, 28, 208; format: 107, 114; <strong>in</strong>stitutions: 7, 129, 175, 179, 181, 182, 186; mass: 15, 27, 28, 189 historical development: 76, 138, 144, 157; dimension: 84, 103, 136, 143; experience: 84; factors: 139; perspectives: 14, 26; process: 83, 136; review: 158; situation: 166, 228 history <strong>of</strong> distance education: 13, 14, 40 home page: 80 home space: 80 homo sapiens <strong>in</strong>formaticus: 162; homo sapiens sapiens: 162 Hong Kong: 19, 191 humanist/humanistic: 7, 30, 216, 218, 224 humanitarian aspect: 212; goal: 38; legacy: 7 hybrid model: 45, 49, 198 hypermedia: 21, 32, 64, 40, 58, 64, 87, 88, 93, 94, 102, 198, 210, 226 hyper-space: 72, 104
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