computer-based: 92; with computer network: 48; content: 52, 58, 91, 225, 232; conventional: 34, 49, 90, 99, 100, 186, 194; cooperative: 49, 63; constructivist model: 61, 74, 77, 171, 184– 5, 186; cosmos: 89; culture: 9, 18, 42, 84, 195, 205; def<strong>in</strong>ition: 84, 217; dialogue: 49; digital, digitised: 25, 29, 31–5, 59, 64, 68, 169, 180, 183, 219, 233; directed: 57, 63, 69; discover<strong>in</strong>g: 166, 228; distributed: 21, 124, 178, 189, 190, 193, 194, 196, 200, 219, 226, 229, 230, 231, 232; distributive: 101; effectiveness: 11, 52; embodiment: 224 ; explorative: 166, 228 learn<strong>in</strong>g environment: 64, 71, 73, 74, 94, 102, 113, 119, 172, 174, 178, 185, 196, 197, 230, 232, 233; digitised, digital: 9, 20, 21, 31, 32, 33, 43, 44, 47, 52, 57–70, 71, 73, 74, 77, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 129, 130, 155, 157, 161, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172. 173, 178–9, 183, 184, 190, 191, 194, 196, 197, 198, 200, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 215, 219, 223, 224, 226, 229; traditional: 77; 83; virtual: 9, 52, 101, 125, 223, 224 learn<strong>in</strong>g field: 47, 73, 77, 103; flexibility, flexible: 28, 65, 69, 177–8, 187, 191, 192, 194, 198, 199, 200, 205; foundations: 233; function: 100; future-oriented: 205; goal: 94, 101, 102, 109, 166, 173, 184, 228; group: 29, 68, 211, 229, 230, 231, 232; heteronomous: 9, 57, 69, 92, 93, 208; holistic: 49; hyperlearn<strong>in</strong>g: 218; <strong>in</strong>dependent: 20, 29, 41, 43, 64, 69, 74, 94, 101, 107, 109, 110, 115, 155, 184, 203–14, 210, 216, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226; <strong>in</strong>dividualisation: 11, 47, 50, 52, 102, 197, 221; <strong>in</strong>dividualised: 88, 168, 211, 216, 225; <strong>in</strong> hypertext: 65–7, 94; journal: 224; knowledge based: 226; landscape: 78; lifelong: 11, 27, 28, 38, 42, 51, 160, 175, 184, 205, 208, 213, 218; locations: 49, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 79, 84, 96, 103, 174, 178, 179, 205, 208, 211; mastery: 63, 92; model, behaviourist: 61; model, constructivist: 61, 171, 184–5, 186, 196; modern: 100; methods: 9, 11, 19, 43, 84, 107, 129, 169, 177, 199, 203, 204, 207, 208, 226, 230, 231; net(work-)based: 65, 66–7, 125, 178, 179, 180, 183, 186, 187, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201; Index 267 new categorical accents: 102–3; non-l<strong>in</strong>ear: 65, 88, 93, 100; objectives: 199, 217; on demand: 100, 160, 194, 195; onl<strong>in</strong>e: 9, 13, 16, 19, 20, 21, 47–55, 57, 84, 108, 109, 110, 114, 115, 117, 123, 124, 125, 157, 194, 203, 207–8, 208–9, 211, 216, 218, 220, 221, 222–3, 224, 225, 226, 229, 233; open: 20, 21; 22, 23, 42, 58, 69, 203, 214, 216; oral: 39, 84; package: 206; partnership: 68, 230; path: 21, 63, 65, 66, 93, 94, 101, 108, 116, 117, 178, 199; personalised: 199; post-modern: 100; process: 12, 15, 33, 35, 38, 39, 50, 53, 57, 58, 61, 66, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80, 81, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101, 103, 108, 110, 121, 125, 127, 155, 165, 166, 168, 171, 177, 179, 186, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 201, 217, 226, 228; programmes: 49;181, 195, 197; problem-based: 230–1; project-based: 94; realistic: 49; reality-oriented: 90, 227; receptive, reception: 9, 21, 25, 52, 57, 63, 68, 69, 76, 90, 92, 107, 109, 125, 128, 167, 168, 185, 195, 200, 205, 209, 215, 221, 223, 225, 230, 233; research<strong>in</strong>g: 99,166, 228; resource-based: 94, 125, 156, 167, 168, 225; related to adventure, experience and problems: 49; result: 66, 91, 100, 110, 116, 117, 123, 166, 228; self-assessed: 64; self-controlled: 50, 85, 90, 93, 94, 166, 167, 205, 216, 217, 222, 227, 228; self-directed: 45, 51, 52, 55, 57, 63–9, 183–4, 200, 220, 221, 222, 223, 227, 230; self-governed: 90, 227; self-<strong>in</strong>itiated: 94, 216, 227; self-learn<strong>in</strong>g: 224; self-organised: 64, 223; self-planned: 64, 216; self-regulated: 9, 25, 29, 57, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 88, 93–100, 107, 109, 123, 124, 128, 155, 168–9, 172, 181, 184, 185, 196, 197, 216, 223, 224, 225, 226; self-responsible: 67, 230; situated: 172, 225; social: 49, 52; social arrangements: 97; society: 57, 125 learn<strong>in</strong>g space: cultural history <strong>in</strong>terpretation: 76–7; ecopsychological <strong>in</strong>terpretation: 75–6; general characteristics: 74–5, 77–8; historical development: 76; metaphors: 80; new: 71–84, 86, 90–1, 93, 100, 101, 104; real: 45, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 91, 103, 104, 105, 107, 120, 160, 178, 179, 185, 187, 189, 191, 194, 195, 223, 225, 227;
structur<strong>in</strong>g: 79, 80–1, 86, 94; summary: 83–4; traditional: 71, 74–7, 83; value: 115, 116, 117, 118, 127; virtual: 20, 55, 74, 77–84; 85–105, 107, 120, 178, 179, 183, 185, 194, 195, 196, 199, 200, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229, 231 learn<strong>in</strong>g strategy: 93, 109, 125, 225; student-centred: 168, 183, 199, 211; student-oriented: 177, 186; text-based: 194; through collaboration: 98; through communication: 96–8; through construction: 169; through <strong>in</strong>formation management: 95; through represent<strong>in</strong>g: 98–100; through simulat<strong>in</strong>g, simulation: 98–100, 163, 181; through (virtual) communication: 65, 67–8, 96, 109, 148; times for, time-bound: 22, 29, 31, 45, 50, 83, 84, 92, 95, 97, 104, 114, 161, 181, 194, 195, 205, 206, 208, 211, 212; traditional forms: 21, 25, 31, 32, 33, 52, 53, 66, 72, 73, 74–7, 83, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 92, 95, 96, 98, 102, 103, 105, 174, 184, 185, 189, 196, 198, 203, 204, 214, 221, 223, 226, 230; tutor-guided: 225; types: 68, 100, 169; understand<strong>in</strong>g: 38, 85, 181; variable, variability: 28, 65, 68, 69, 100; video-based: 194; virtual: 223, 226, 231–2; witnesses: 121; worlds: 49, 78, 185 Learn<strong>in</strong>g and Teach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>Distance</strong> <strong>Education</strong>: 7; 9, 125 lectio: 84 lecture: 26, 28, 32, 42, 43, 47, 53, 57, 58, 60, 68, 76, 82, 84, 92, 98, 180, 181, 182, 194, 195, 196, 203, 205, 206, 211, 214, 219, 222; onl<strong>in</strong>e: 194; notes: 43 lecturer, lecturer-oriented: 102, 108, 177, 207, 32, 44, 45, 58, 59, 60 lectur<strong>in</strong>g: 38 life plann<strong>in</strong>g: 160 l<strong>in</strong>ear sequence: 30, 33, 65, 93, 185 l<strong>in</strong>ear th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g: 30, 33, 164, 218 l<strong>in</strong>k: 62, 65, 166, 169, 189 listen<strong>in</strong>g: 38, 39, 58, 110, 116, 120, 196 "lurker": 121 Macquarie University <strong>in</strong> Sydney (Australia): 178, 189, 192 mail<strong>in</strong>g list: 49, 52, 95, 109, 195 manipulation: 166 market requirements: 212 mass (higher) education: 15, 27, 28, 45, 53, 168, 189 mass media, electronic: 15 mass production: 14, 15, 67 Index 268 mass university: 170, 211 Massachusetts Institute <strong>of</strong> Technology (MIT): 11, 208 <strong>Master</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Distance</strong> <strong>Education</strong> (MDE): 44, 110, 107–28, 215 McDonaldisation: 146 media: 9, 43, 48, 64, 65, 69, 76, 78, 89, 101, 131, 138, 149, 206, 213; audio-visual: 26, 105, 212; competence: 160, 205, 232; conventional: 48; electronic: 114, 124; <strong>in</strong>formation and communication: 12, 13, 21, 26, 28, 34, 39, 41, 45, 152, 206, 210; multiple: 41; new: 12, 16, 27, 31, 34, 42, 48, 82, 141, 144, 162; old: 12, 16, 82; structures: 18; technical: 13, 26, 31, 38, 39, 85, 144, 151, 190, 193, 210; technology: 64; variability: 82 mediatisation: 49 medium: 38, 42, 48, 54, 61, 87, 89, 90, 110, 114, 159, 165, 182, 194, 206, 223 mega-universities: 13; 17, 27 membership: 116, 127 Memorandum on Open <strong>Distance</strong> Learn<strong>in</strong>g (ODL): 22 memory: 77, 80, 92, 95, 96, 103, 135, 146, 164, 165 meta-cognition: 37, 95, 125, 127, 166, 167, 225, 228; habit: 110 meta-cognitive experience: 101 method(s): 12, 13, 14, 16, 21, 32, 34, 35, 38, 42, 45, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 69, 76, 85, 90, 95, 97, 101, 104, 107, 122, 153, 164, 167, 168, 203, 213, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 230, 231; <strong>of</strong> assess<strong>in</strong>g: 224; <strong>of</strong> presentation: 39, 45, 58–60; <strong>of</strong> knowledge production: 149; one-alone-method: 32, 68; one-to-onemethod: 32, 68; one-to-many-method: 32, 68; many-to-many-method: 32, 68 methodical skills: 205 m<strong>in</strong>d power: 27, 28 m<strong>in</strong>i-dialogue: 120 model: 7, 23, 37–46, 68, 82, 85–106, 107, 108, 109, 123, 153, 161-2, 179, 183, 193–9, 224, 225, 230, 231; autonomous learner: 40, 43; behaviourist learn<strong>in</strong>g: 58, 61, 73, 92, 130; composite: 195–6, 198, 200; constructivist: 61, 171, 184, 186, 230; correspondence education: 40, 41, 43; distance education: 15, 18, 34, 44, 200; evocation: 118; exam<strong>in</strong>ationpreparation: 40–1; hybrid: 198; <strong>in</strong>structional: 82; learner-centred: 224; knowledge management: 229;
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- Page 236 and 237: References Aebli, H. (1983). Die Wi
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