"learn<strong>in</strong>g by research": 197, 198, 199, 200; acquir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formed knowledge: 167–71; autonomous and self-controlled learn<strong>in</strong>g: 7, 85, 102, 184, 193, 196; learn<strong>in</strong>g by "discover<strong>in</strong>g" and "problemsolv<strong>in</strong>g": 85; systematic <strong>in</strong>struction design: 93; multiple (mass) media: 40, 42; pedagogical: 85–105, 183, 193-8, 215, 226–32; replication: 194, 198, 200; structuralist learn<strong>in</strong>g: 68; technological extended classroom teach<strong>in</strong>g: 40, 44–5; ten-virtual-learn<strong>in</strong>g-spaces": 196, 197, 199, 200; traditional education: 85, 185, 208, 214, 221; virtual distance education: 196–7, 198, 199, 200 moderat<strong>in</strong>g: 52, 102, 207, 220, 224 moderator: 8, 49, 93, 109, 110, 116, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 206, 224 modernis<strong>in</strong>g: 86, 192, 200 modernisation, 103, 213; crisis: 204 motivation: 60, 99, 168, 172, 173, 206, 231, 232; <strong>in</strong>tr<strong>in</strong>sic: 168, 221 MUD (Multi User Doma<strong>in</strong>): 49, 96, 196 multi-campus organisation: 44 multilayers <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>terpretation: 30 multimedia: 42, 43, 49, 59, 60, 61, 81, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 99, 102, 103, 132, 144, 172, 181, 183, 190, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 214, 226; course: 60, 183, 198, 211; space: 71, 85, 86, 90, 92, 94, 99, 102, 172, 214, 227; teach<strong>in</strong>g: 69, 210; technology: 11 multimodality: 99, 172 multiple (mass) media: 40, 41; model: 40, 42 multisensory presentation: 58, 59–60, 69 Murdoch University (Australia): 178 museum, virtual: 62, 88 mutual respect: 115, 116, 127 National University Teleconference Network (USA): 18 nature: 144 navigat<strong>in</strong>g: 9, 21, 31, 33, 65, 80, 88, 94, 101, 116, 165, 166, 228; different forms: 66 net: 20, 80, 83, 84, 88, 96, 108, 179 , 180, 181, 183, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192, 194, 196, 215, 218, 219, 229, 233; generation: 148, 149 network: 9, 31, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 61, 64, 65, 66, 67, 71, 80, 81, 87, 93, 100, 119, 121, 142, 145, 147, 148, 151, 152, 155, 162, 168, 169, 174, 179, 186, 206, 207, 210, 215, 219,223, 230; educational: 51, 221; semantic: 65; technology: 64, 87; topology: 80 Index 269 net(work)-based communication: 47, 190, 199; courses: 179, 183, 186, 188, 190; learn<strong>in</strong>g: 65, 66–7, 125, 178, 179, 180, 183, 186, 187, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201; distance education (model): 40, 44, 128; studies: 198; teach<strong>in</strong>g: 44, 180, 183, 186, 194 newsgroup: 49, 53, 95, 96, 109, 195 newslist: 96 node: 65, 80, 81, 94 non-l<strong>in</strong>ear(ity): 65, 88, 93, 100, 102, 218 non-traditional: 184, 216, 218 obstacles: 37, 54, 214, 230 onl<strong>in</strong>e campus: 190, 191, 193; course: 44, 51, 55, 107, 188, 191; classroom: 98; education: 182; learners: 216; learn<strong>in</strong>g: 9, 13, 16, 19, 20, 21, 47–55, 57, 84, 108, 109, 110, 114, 115, 117, 123, 124, 125, 157, 194, 203, 207–8, 208–9, 211, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 233; students: 122, 193; teach<strong>in</strong>g: 45, 182; university: 182, 188 Onl<strong>in</strong>e Educa Berl<strong>in</strong>: 12 opaqueness: 79, 163 Open <strong>Distance</strong> and <strong>Education</strong> Technology: 22 open education: 40, 42, 45, 63, 218 openness: 33, 48, 143, 198 open schools: 27 Open Universiteit (Netherlands): 42 open universities: 13, 14, 16, 27, 41, 42, 43, 200, 203, 204, 213 Open University (UK): 11, 17; 18, 32, 39, 42, 67, 82, 191 Open University <strong>of</strong> Hong Kong: 191 op<strong>in</strong>ions, negative: 118, 215; positive: 51, 118, 215 oral conversation: 115 overload, cognitive: 94 Oxford University: 11, 40 Pakistan: 18, 19 paradigm shift, def<strong>in</strong>ition: 25; educational: 14, 20, 25–35, 68, 177; pedagogical: 65, 223, 233 paradigm: 25, 33; bullet<strong>in</strong> board: 32, 33, 68; change: 104, 107, 124, 133, 159, 184, 185, 203, 209, 233; computer conferenc<strong>in</strong>g: 32, 68; educational: 203; e-mail: 32, 33, 68, 97; <strong>in</strong>struction: 92; noticeboard: 97; pedagogical: 33, 107, 124, 203; teleconferenc<strong>in</strong>g: 33; virtual conference: 97; World Wide Web: 32, 33, 68; partner work: 98 partnership learn<strong>in</strong>g: 68, 230; work: 61, 69; 88
patchwork identity: 104 pattern recognition: 144, 166 Payame Noor University (Iran): 17 pedagogic patterns: 12 pedagogical approach: 7, 32, 41, 107–11, 118, 123, 124, 128, 182, 216, 224, 231; chances: 165–7; factors: 181; flexibility: 177–201; functions: 60, 87–90, 99, 188, 207, 226; goals: 86, 115, 183–4; "heritage": 13; <strong>in</strong>novation: 23, 54, 158, 192, 193, 222–6, 227; <strong>in</strong>terpretation: 9; model: 108, 183, 193–8, 216, 226–32; pr<strong>in</strong>ciples: 102, 225; revolution: 20; shift: 34; s<strong>of</strong>tware: 223; strategies: 21; structures: 13, 18, 29, 31, 33, 52, 65, 84, 98, 100, 109, 115, 125, 172, 174, 177, 181, 192, 198, 221, 227, 231, 232; substance (ga<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong>): 104–5; substance (loss <strong>of</strong>): 103–4; task: 159; th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g: 29 pedagogue: 7, 130, 132, 138, 157, 158, 159, 164, 166, 167, 168, 228 pedagogy: 9, 11, 30, 32, 33, 38, 68, 83, 84, 98, 99, 105, 107, 129, 130, 157, 158, 169, 170, 193, 196, 197; new: 33; <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>struction: 69 Penn State University (USA): 20 persons: the "essence" <strong>of</strong>: 113, 119 perspectives: 31, 34–5, 115, 149, 152, 217, 221; educational: 84, 86; historical: 14, 26 pixel configuration: 144 place and time, bonds <strong>of</strong>: 31, 45, 65, 73, 76, 83, 97, 147, 148, 195, 205, 206, 211; <strong>in</strong>dependence from: 22, 29, 31, 50, 77, 78, 84, 88, 96, 102, 104, 147, 148, 161, 174, 178, 181, 185, 193, 194, 195, 200, 205, 208, 211, 213 plurality: 160 poll<strong>in</strong>g: 50 portfolio: 224, 226 Portugal: 18 post-<strong>in</strong>dustrial society: 7, 23, 100, 140, 177, 184, 189, 200, 201 post-modern era: 29 postscript method: 122 practice: 7, 9, 10, 15, 21, 22, 28, 37, 49, 50, 52, 53, 58, 62, 64, 66, 68, 92, 103, 105, 119, 124, 128, 130, 147, 155, 166, 170, 182, 183, 189, 191, 205, 213, 215, 216, 221–2, 228 pre-<strong>in</strong>dustrial approach: 13, 14, 212 prerequisites <strong>of</strong> success: 223–4 presentation: 43, 44, 66, 69, 91, 92, 99, 100, 102, 104, 143, 144, 167, 173, 181, 182, 186, 196; animated graphical: 60; audio-visual: 57; forms: 32, 34, 35, 58–9, Index 270 86, 88, 172; iconic: 60; l<strong>in</strong>ear: 65, 144; methods: 39, 45, 58–9; multimedia: 60, 88, 91, 172, 198, 214; multi-sensory: 59–60; non-l<strong>in</strong>ear: 65; <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation: 87, 192, 226; space: 80–1, 99 pr<strong>in</strong>t: 7, 26, 33, 34, 59, 61, 95, 103, 105, 136, 172 pr<strong>in</strong>ted material: 12, 15, 18, 32, 33, 39, 41, 43, 57, 58, 59, 61, 63, 92; pre-fabricated: 15, 42 privatisation: 50 problem orientation: 100, 171, 172 prognoses: 48, 50, 51, 53, 55 project group: 32, 44, 68, 98; virtual: 68, 230 Project North (Canada): 18, 96 prophecies: 47, 48, 50–1, 54–5, 220, 221 public-private projects: 27 qualifications: 15, 23, 42, 101, 203; bundles <strong>of</strong>: 50, 51, 220, 224 radio: 15, 16, 17, 18, 26, 34, 42, 43, 54, 57, 69, 105, 131, 210 read<strong>in</strong>g: 26, 39, 61, 62, 88, 108, 111, 112, 116, 120, 121, 123, 124, 136, 194, 197, 198, 206; habit: 126; lists: 41 real time: 44 reality: 54, 61, 71, 72, 78, 81, 88, 94, 95, 100, 104, 129, 136, 139, 145, 148, 163, 172–3, 179, 185, 194, 195, 226; confront<strong>in</strong>g: 61; media(ted): 78, 148; virtual: 49, 59, 73, 79, 87, 89, 90, 91, 104, 164, 172, 194, 196, 226, 227 re-eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g: 12, 23, 69 reform: 9, 16, 22, 34, 38, 47, 48, 55, 57, 77, 90, 91, 105, 158, 165, 177, 178, 183, 193, 201, 214, 215, 227 Regents' External Degree: 41 reports: 98, 123, 124 reproduction: 60, 104, 137, 149 research, learn<strong>in</strong>g by do<strong>in</strong>g : 18, 34, 44, 68, 69, 88, 99, 124, 156, 166, 179, 181, 197, 198, 199, 200, 207, 212, 216, 220, 225, 228, 230, 232 replication: 223; model: 194, 198, 200 responsibility: 57, 66, 126, 160, 166, 177, 184, 186, 201, 208, 212, 221 retrieval: 87, 88 revolution: 9, 16, 20, 34, 39, 51, 85, 204 role-play<strong>in</strong>g: 68, round tables: 82 sage on the stage: 9 scaffold<strong>in</strong>g: 224 scenario: 27, 49, 51, 53, 54, 55, 84, 129, 161, 168, 212, 230 ; futurist: 224–5
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