ECONOMIC REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT

3.4. Percent Gap Between Actual and Projected (Oct-2010):
Cumulative Real GDP Growth between 2010 and 2015 ..........123
3.i. Actual and Forecasted Working-Age Population by Region,
1950-2070 .................................................126
3.ii. Actual and Forecasted Dependency Ratios by Region, 1950-2070 ..126
3.iii. Real GDP Growth and Demographic Trends, 1989-2013 .........127
3.5. Current Account Balance as a Share of GDP, 2015 ..............129
3.6. Real GDP, 2008-2015 ........................................131
3.7. Percent Gap Between Actual and Projected (Oct-2010):
Cumulative Real GDP Growth between 2010 and 2015 ..........132
3.8. Euro Area Sovereign Interest Rate Spreads Over Germany,
2007-2015 ..................................................132
3.iv. U.S., European, and Chinese Volatility Indices ..................136
3.v. U.S., European, and Chinese Stock Markets, 2015 ...............137
3.9. Measures of Industrial Activity in China, 2011-2015 .............141
3.10. China’s Foreign Exchange Rate and Trading Band, 2011-2015 .....141
3.vi. Change in Commodity Futures Prices, June to December 2015 ....142
3.vii. World Industrial Production and Commodity Prices, 2006-2015 ..143
3.11. Brazil’s Current Account Balance ..............................145
3.12. U.S. Trade in Goods, 1992-2015 ...............................146
3.13. U.S. Trade in Services, 1992-2015 ..............................146
3.14. Composition of U.S. Exports, 2015 ............................147
3.15. Composition of U.S. Imports, 2015 ............................147
3.16. China’s Foreign Exchange Rate and Trading Band, 2011-2015 .....149
3.17. China’s Foreign Exchange Rate and Trading Band, 2011-2015 .....149
3.18. China’s Foreign Exchange Rate and Trading Band, 2011-2015 .....150
4.1. Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Skills SES Gaps are Mostly
Established by Kindergarten ..................................157
4.2. Official Poverty Rate for Households with Children by
Householder Characteristic, 2014 ..............................158
4.3. Likelihood of Scoring Very Low on Early Health Measures .......160
4.4. Household Food Insecurity Rates, 2014 ........................161
4.5. Disparities in Underlying Factors Behind Outcome Gaps .........162
4.6. Likelihood of Scoring Very Low on Measures of Cognition at
Age 5, 2006 .................................................163
4.7. Achievement Gap is Largely Set by Age 5 .......................164
4.8. Likelihood of Scoring Very Low on Behavioral Indexes at
Age 5, 2006 .................................................165
4.9. Mother’s Time Spent on Child Care by Educational Attainment,
1965—2008 .................................................166
4.10. High-Income Parents Spend More Time on Educational Activities
with their Children, 2014 .....................................167
4.11. Preschool Enrollment by Mother’s Education, 2014 ..............168
4.12. Annual Cost of Juvenile Incarceration vs. Other Youth
Investments ................................................175
4.13. Low Birth Weight by Maternal Socioeconomic Status,
1989—2011 .................................................177
4.14. Increase in Income and Payroll Taxes Paid Through Age 28
from an Additional Year of Medicaid Eligibility in Childhood,
1996—2012 .................................................183
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