In Search of Evidence

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CHAPTER 2 Learning From Other Evidence-Based Practices: The Case of Medicine Eric Barends, Steven ten Have Frank Huisman In D. M. Rousseau (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Evidence-Based Management, 2012, New York: Oxford University Press, 25-42
Chapter 2 Abstract Evidence-based practice is all around us. Not only has medicine embraced its principles, but so have education, social welfare, criminal justice and, last but not least, management. With only slight exaggeration, Evidence-based practice can be said to be emblematic of the modern professional. This chapter addresses the implications of this trend toward evidence-based practice, by taking a close look at its first introduction, in medicine. Given evidence-based medicine’s almost paradigmatic status, we then will cover the similarities and the differences between the two professional fields. In doing so, we will show that the hindrances that block the further development of evidencebased management today are the same hindrances that blocked the development of evidence-based medicine two decades ago. The Rise of Evidence-Based Medicine As a concept, “evidence-based medicine” was coined in the 1990s. It was defined as “the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients” (Sackett, Rosenberg, Gray, Haynes, & Richardson, 1996). This definition is striking, because it implies that the practice of medicine was not always “conscientious, explicit, and judicious.” In the 1960s and 1970s, people like Alvan Feinstein, Archie Cochrane, and Henrik Wulff –generally considered as the pioneers of the evidence-based medicine movement–were struck by the fact that clinical practice was characterized by much diversity. In clinical decisionmaking, experience, intuition, and the wisdom of former teachers seemed to be more important than scientific first principles. Feinstein, Cochrane, and Wulff found this intellectually disturbing, and tried to remedy this situation by writing books that became classics to the movement: Clinical Judgment by Feinstein (Feinstein, 1967), Effectiveness and Efficiency by Cochrane (Cochrane, 1972) and Rational Diagnosis and Treatment by Wulff (Wulff, 1976). Parallel to this self-reflection by physicians, there was growing criticism on medicine and physicians from outside medicine. Physicians were accused of being inconsistent in diagnosis and treatment, causing iatrogenic damage, and for being responsible for a cost explosion in health care. This situation was especially disturbing because the average life expectancy at birth had remained much the same during the second half of the twentieth century. An evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of health care was called for, and this is exactly what happened. A new discipline was created: clinical epidemiology. Epidemiology, a branch of medical science dealing with factors affecting the health and illness of large populations, had existed for many years, but it was associated with
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CHAPTER 4 Difficult But Doable: Inc
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Difficult But Doable studies with a
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Difficult But Doable idea of conduc
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Difficult But Doable References Fan
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Chapter 5 Introduction Evidence-bas
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Chapter 5 Table 1 Quality criteria
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Chapter 5 A Rapid Evidence Assessme
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Chapter 5 studies were selected for
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Chapter 5 Most studies acknowledge
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Chapter 5 What are the implications
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Chapter 5 Factor 3. Information Sha
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Chapter 5 ‘freedom to act’, whi
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Chapter 5 manager’s support for t
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Chapter 5 During our discussions of
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Chapter 5 Vision and goal clarity 1
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Chapter 5 Connell, J., Ferres, N.,
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Chapter 5 Moore, A., & Mamiseishvil
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CHAPTER 6 Systematic Reviews and Me
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Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyse
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CHAPTER 7 Managers’ Attitudes And
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Managers’ Attitudes and Perceived
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CHAPTER 8 Becoming an Evidence-Base
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Becoming an Evidence-Based HR-Pract
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CHAPTER 9 Evidence-Based Management
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Evidence-Based Management: The Basi
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CHAPTER 10 Summary and General Disc
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Summary and General Discussion in t
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Summary and General Discussion CONC
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CHAPTER 11 Summary in Dutch: Samenv
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Nederlandse samenvatting bij elkaar
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Nederlandse samenvatting uitkomst v
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Nederlandse samenvatting te voorkom
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Nederlandse samenvatting weg te gaa
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APPENDIX Teaching Evidence-Based Pr
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Teaching Evidence-Based Practice: L
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-Based Practice: Lessons From the P
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Acknowledgments / Dankwoord Steven
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Clare Peel, a big cheers to you for
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