Roadside Revegetation

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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE Applied on the soil surface and incorporated, composts can supply sufficient soil nitrogen for long-term site needs. Application rates for composts can be calculated using the methods shown in Table 5-2. Testing and application methods for compost are discussed in Section 10.1.3, Mulches, and Section 10.1.5, Organic Matter Amendments. Nitrogen-Fixing Plants Significant quantities of nitrogen can be supplied by nitrogen-fixing plants (see Section 10.1.7, Beneficial Soil Microorganisms). Establishing nitrogen-fixing plants is a means of meeting short-term goals by reducing the need to apply fertilizers and long-term goals by increasing the total nitrogen on the site. Fertilizers Applying nitrogen-based fertilizers to drastically disturbed soils is another means of increasing nitrogen levels, but it requires an understanding of fertilizers (composition and release), how the soils will capture and store nutrients, and how plants will respond to increased levels of available nitrogen. As the calculations in Table 5-2 demonstrate, nitrogen-based fertilizers cannot deliver enough nitrogen in one application for long-term site recovery of drastically disturbed sites. However, applied judiciously within an overall nitrogen strategy using topsoil, composts, and nitrogen-fixing plants, nitrogen-based fertilizers can be an effective tool in site recovery. Not all sites or conditions require fertilizers. It might not be necessary to fertilize soils that have high total N levels and low C:N ratios. In fact, applying fast-release fertilizers may be a disadvantage on some sites by favoring weedy annuals over perennial species. A discussion on selecting fertilizers, calculating application rates, and determining methods of application is provided in Section 10.1.1, Fertilizers. Biosolids Biosolids are rich in slow and fast releasing nitrogen and, if sources are available nearby, are a good means of raising soil nitrogen. 5.5.4 NUTRIENTS This section broadly discusses the remaining mineral nutrients essential for plant growth (Figure 5-35). There are many references devoted to the role of nutrients in plant nutrition and the designer is directed to these sources for a more detailed discussion of each nutrient (Tisdale and Nelson 1975; Thorup 1984; Munshower 1994; Havlin and others 1999; Claassen 2006). Historically, the majority of research in soil fertility and mineral nutrients was conducted with the agricultural objective of optimizing crop yields through annual inputs of fertilizers, soil amendments, and irrigation. The primary objective of wildland restoration, however, is to restore or re-create self-sustaining plant communities that, once established, require very little input of resources. Unlike agriculture, revegetation of highly disturbed sites is not approached with the objective of optimizing the site for a single, high-yielding crop, but to develop a system of interrelated species that have evolved and adapted to site conditions. In wildland restoration, it is more important to re-create the components of the local soils than to change nutrient status based on agricultural models. For example, from an agricultural perspective, a serpentine soil has an imbalance of calcium and magnesium. Unless fertilizers containing a “correct” ratio of calcium and magnesium are applied to adjust this imbalance, the soils will be unsuitable for crop species. In wildland restoration, the approach is guided by the nutrient needs of the species endemic to the site, not to a generic agricultural crop. Since serpentine plant species have evolved on soils with these nutrient ratios, their nutrient requirements are vastly different than those of agricultural crops, or even native vegetation growing on adjacent, non-serpentine soils. In this example, the calcium-to-magnesium ratio would not be seen as an imbalance for native serpentine plant establishment, but perhaps as a “requirement” for certain endemic species to recolonize the site. This requires the designer Roadside Revegetation: An Integrated Approach to Establishing Native Plants and Pollinator Habitat 94
PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE Figure 5-35 | The 13 essential mineral nutrients to compare post-construction mineral nutrient status to that of undisturbed or recovered reference sites to determine if there are deficiencies. Amendments can then be applied to bring nutrients and other soil factors to pre-disturbance levels or to levels that meet project revegetation objectives. Success in wildland restoration is determined by its species richness, not biomass production or whether it is a self-sustaining and resilient system, not a system that requires constant energy inputs. By these standards, applying the basic agricultural model to wildland revegetation is limited. Nutrients – How to Assess The objective of nutrient analysis is to compare nutrient levels of post-construction, disturbed soils with those of pre-disturbance, or reference site, soils. Where there are large discrepancies, a strategy can be developed to bring low post-construction levels up to minimum nutrient levels. Since this is a comparative analysis, it is essential that the sampling, collection, and testing methods are identical. Nutrient tests are often performed on salvaged topsoil, reference sites, post-construction slopes, and areas where there have been failures in revegetation. A guide to sampling soils for nutrient analysis is presented in Inset 5-2. Nutrient testing can be used to evaluate total soil nutrient levels for long-term nutrient availability, as well as available levels, for immediately available nutrients for plant growth. Table 5-3 lists soil tests common to the western United States. With soil laboratory results from reference sites and post-construction sites, determine which nutrients, if any, are deficient using the process outlined in Section 10.1.1.2, Develop Nutrient Thresholds and Determine Deficits. If a nutrient is found deficient, fertilizers, composts, topsoil, or other organic amendments can be applied to the soil to bring the nutrient above threshold levels. A process for determining fertilizer type, application rates, and application methods is presented in Section 10.1.1, Fertilizers. Roadside Revegetation: An Integrated Approach to Establishing Native Plants and Pollinator Habitat 95
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Roadside Revegetation An Integrated
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Roadside Revegetation: An Integrate
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 3— Initiation P
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.9 Pests 127 5.9
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 10.4 Post Install
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Figure 3-5 | Exam
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Figure 6-10 | Cas
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Figure 10-91 | Se
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Insets Inset 2-1
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PREFACE In 1998, the Western Federa
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INTRODUCTION 1— Introduction 1.1
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INTRODUCTION 15 to 20 percent of th
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INTRODUCTION and others 2016, and c
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INTRODUCTION ◾◾ Integrate goals
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INTRODUCTION 1.5.2 WHAT ARE NATIVE
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INTRODUCTION Figure 1-9 | Roadside
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INTRODUCTION 1.6.1 INITIATION OVERV
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INITIATION PART ONE: COOPERATORS AN
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INITIATION PART TWO: ROAD PLANS AND
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT 4— Pla
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT Once rev
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT Revegeta
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT site on
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PLANNING PHASE THREE: VEGETATION AN
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PLANNING PHASE FOUR: INTEGRATE AND
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE PREFACE T
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE TABLE OF
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE BACKGROUN
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE BACKGROUN
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE REVEGETAT
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE NON-NATIV
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE SUCCESS C
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE APPROXIMA
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE APPENDIX
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE REFERENCE
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE REFERENCE
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IMPLEMENTATION 9.1 INTRODUCTION A s
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IMPLEMENTATION 9.3 REVIEW TREATMENT
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IMPLEMENTATION 9.4 DEVELOP CONTRACT
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IMPLEMENTATION 9.6 EXAMPLE STATEMEN
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IMPLEMENTATION an active role in pr
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IMPLEMENTATION addressed environmen
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES 10— Impleme
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES 10.1.1 FERTIL
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Areas adjacen
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Table 10.2 |
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES The nutrient
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES nutrient stra
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Fertilizer In
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES amendments, l
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES A general rul
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES 10.1.3 MULCHE
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES permeable or
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES and straw fro
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES mulch. If the
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES To avoid this
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES control, stra
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES (often less t
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES most topsoil
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES 10.1.5 ORGANI
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES rock fragment
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Carbon-to-Nit
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES be broadened
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Therefore, le
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES compaction an
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Pure Culture
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES ◾◾ Design
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES can be used.
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES harvesting, s
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES In Figure 10-
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES of the seed i
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES is conducted
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Project Name
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES variety of sp
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Inset 10-14 |
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Installation
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Special Treat
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Determine Tra
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES to the surfac
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES year, the see
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES ◾◾ Minimu
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES debris are se
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES A B Figure 10
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES production-or
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Restoration s
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES ◾◾ Approp
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Unbalanced or
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES You can get a
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES planters stan
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES uniformity is
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Seed drills c
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Each species
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES would have lo
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES seeds. Poorly
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES ◾◾ Some s
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Consideration
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES (1979) found
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Revegetation
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES ◾◾ Storag
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES During the hy
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES (Pezeshki and
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES inch) of soil
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES determine the
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES A B Figure 10
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES minimize the
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Planting - Pr
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES ◾◾ High s
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES 10.4.5 IRRIGA
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES of water, the
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Placing a pre
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INTRODUCTION MONITORING AND MANAGEM
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MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT Monitorin
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MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT ◾◾ Mo
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MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT Analysis
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INTRODUCTION MONITORING PROCEDURES
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MONITORING PROCEDURES ◾◾ Rectil
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MONITORING PROCEDURES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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MONITORING PROCEDURES Use of a digi
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MONITORING PROCEDURES ◾◾ Rectil
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MONITORING PROCEDURES N w e E 14.6
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MONITORING PROCEDURES Sampling of D
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MONITORING PROCEDURES Using the equ
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MONITORING PROCEDURES 12.9 STATISTI
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MONITORING PROCEDURES Calculating C
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MONITORING PROCEDURES that if more
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MONITORING PROCEDURES bee counts ca
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POLLINATOR-SPECIFIC CASE STUDIES Ch
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POLLINATOR-SPECIFIC CASE STUDIES pr
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander R. 2003a. A
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Bower AD, St. Clair JB
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Claassen VP, Zasoski R
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Dyer K, Curtis L, Will
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Greaves RD, Hermann RK
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (Available at: https:/
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Landis T, Tinus RW, Mc
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Miller RM, May SW. 197
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BIBLIOGRAPHY between biodiversity c
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Soil Survey Staff. 197
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Trent A, Nolte D, Wagn
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Wolf DD, Blaser RE, Mo
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APPENDIX Native Revegetation Plants
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APPENDIX IOWA — NATIVE REVEGETATI
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APPENDIX Iowa — Native Revegetati
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APPENDIX Kansas — Native Revegeta
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APPENDIX Minnesota — Native Reveg
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APPENDIX Missouri — Native Revege
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APPENDIX Oklahoma — Native Revege
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APPENDIX TEXAS — NATIVE REVEGETAT
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APPENDIX Texas — Native Revegetat
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Roadside Revegetation

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