Roadside Revegetation

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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE than one year (Figure 5-47) and soil surface protection will require longer-lasting mulches such as straw, pine needles, hay, shredded wood, wood strands, or erosion fabrics. 5.6.4 SURFACE STRENGTH When soil cover is removed, the surface of the soil is exposed to the erosive forces of raindrop impact, overland flow, freeze–thaw, and wind. How strongly soil particles bind together will determine the degree by which soil particles are detached and moved through soil erosion. Topsoils with good aggregation and high organic matter will be more stable than subsoils or soils low in organic matter. Clay soils have greater strength than soils dominated by sands and silts which are non-cohesive. Seeds have no cohesive properties and, when sown on the surface of the soil without mulches or tackifiers, are very susceptible to erosive forces. Surface Strength – How to Assess Determining the soil texture of the surface soil is a simple way to determine soil strength (see Section 5.3.1, Soil Texture). Soils low in clays (
PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE 5.6.5 INFILTRATION RATES Infiltration is the ability of the soil surface to absorb water from rainfall, snowmelt, irrigation, or road drainage. A high infiltration rate indicates that the soil surface can transmit high rates of water; a low rate indicates that the surface has low capability of absorbing water. When infiltration rates are lower than the rate of water input, runoff or overland flow will occur. Under these conditions, runoff can detach and transport soil particles, resulting in soil erosion and, in many cases, off-site water quality problems (Figure 5-49). Overland flow can also remove sown seeds. The size, abundance, and stability of soil surface pores determine the infiltration rates of a soil. Large stable pores created by worms, insects, and channels created by decaying root systems will absorb water quickly and have high infiltration rates, while surfaces that have been compacted, have had their topsoil removed, or are low in organic matter will have poor infiltration rates. Under undisturbed conditions, infiltration rates are usually high, especially where a litter and duff cover exists. When soil cover is removed, the impact from raindrops can seal the soil surface, creating a crust that will significantly reduce infiltration rates. Infiltration rates are also reduced when soil is compacted by heavy equipment traffic. Infiltration Rates – How to Assess The most accurate equipment for measuring infiltration rates is the rainfall simulator. This equipment simulates rainstorms of different intensities under controlled conditions and measures how the soil surface responds. Infiltration rates are determined at the point when runoff occurs. The amount of runoff water is measured at the bottom of the plot to calculate runoff rates and sediment yields (Figure 5-50). While most rainfall simulators were developed for agricultural operations, several have been developed specifically for wildland conditions. These simulators were built for transportability and conservation of water since construction sites are often in remote locations and far from water sources. The “drop-forming” rainfall simulator, developed for wildland use, delivers rainfall at the drop size or impact velocity determined for the climate of the project site (Grismer and Hogan 2004). Using the rainfall simulator in revegetation planning is expensive, yet it is an important tool and should not be discounted because of the cost. Specifically, rainfall simulation used to compare the effects of different mitigating measures, such as mulches or tillage, on runoff and sediment production takes the guess work out of whether such measures are effective. This quantitative evaluation of erosion control methods might be essential in areas where water quality objectives are critical. In most cases, infiltration rates are estimated under routine field investigation by inference from site conditions. Infiltration rates can be considered high when the soil surface has not been disturbed and has a high percentage of cover. With compaction and loss of surface cover, infiltration rates are proportionally reduced. It is often assumed that construction activities that remove surface cover or disturb the topsoil will have very low infiltration rates that will create overland flow under most rainfall intensities. Mitigating for Low Infiltration Rates Avoid Compaction Where possible, avoid operating heavy equipment on undisturbed soils or soils that have been tilled. Coordinate with project engineers to verify that site preparation does not compromise the compacted roadbed prism which is engineered as a structural entity. Figure 5-49 | Infiltration rates When precipitation exceeds infiltration rates, water collects on the surface of the soil and begins to move downslope, causing erosion. On this site, litter and duff layers that typically protect the surface from rainfall impact have been removed, causing low infiltration rates. B A C Figure 5-50 | Portable rainfall simulator A portable “drop-forming” rainfall simulator developed by scientists at the University of California Davis (Grismer and Hogan 2004) delivers water droplets through hundreds of needles (A). Pressure is increased or decreased to simulate rainstorm events. Droplets hit the soil surface within a plot frame (B) and runoff water is collected at the bottom of the frame (C) to measure runoff rates and sediment production. <strong>Roadside</strong> <strong>Revegetation</strong>: An Integrated Approach to Establishing Native Plants and Pollinator Habitat 107
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Roadside Revegetation An Integrated
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Roadside Revegetation: An Integrate
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 3— Initiation P
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.9 Pests 127 5.9
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 10.4 Post Install
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Figure 3-5 | Exam
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Figure 6-10 | Cas
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Figure 10-91 | Se
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Insets Inset 2-1
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PREFACE In 1998, the Western Federa
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INTRODUCTION 1— Introduction 1.1
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INTRODUCTION 15 to 20 percent of th
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INTRODUCTION and others 2016, and c
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INTRODUCTION ◾◾ Integrate goals
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INTRODUCTION 1.5.2 WHAT ARE NATIVE
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INTRODUCTION Figure 1-9 | Roadside
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INTRODUCTION 1.6.1 INITIATION OVERV
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INITIATION PART ONE: COOPERATORS AN
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INITIATION PART TWO: ROAD PLANS AND
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT 4— Pla
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT Once rev
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT Revegeta
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT site on
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT The info
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT Figure 4
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT Figure 4
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT Disturbe
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT Table 4-
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT Column H
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PLANNING PHASE FOUR: INTEGRATE AND
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE PREFACE T
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE TABLE OF
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE BACKGROUN
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE BACKGROUN
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE REVEGETAT
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE NON-NATIV
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE SUCCESS C
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE APPROXIMA
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE APPENDIX
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE REFERENCE
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE REFERENCE
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IMPLEMENTATION 9.1 INTRODUCTION A s
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IMPLEMENTATION 9.3 REVIEW TREATMENT
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IMPLEMENTATION 9.4 DEVELOP CONTRACT
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IMPLEMENTATION 9.6 EXAMPLE STATEMEN
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IMPLEMENTATION an active role in pr
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IMPLEMENTATION addressed environmen
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES 10— Impleme
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES 10.1.1 FERTIL
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Areas adjacen
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Table 10.2 |
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES The nutrient
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES nutrient stra
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Fertilizer In
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES amendments, l
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES A general rul
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES 10.1.3 MULCHE
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES permeable or
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES and straw fro
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES mulch. If the
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES To avoid this
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES control, stra
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES (often less t
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES most topsoil
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES 10.1.5 ORGANI
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES rock fragment
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Carbon-to-Nit
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES be broadened
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Therefore, le
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES compaction an
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Pure Culture
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES ◾◾ Design
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES can be used.
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES harvesting, s
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES In Figure 10-
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES of the seed i
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES is conducted
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Project Name
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES variety of sp
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Inset 10-14 |
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Installation
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Special Treat
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Determine Tra
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES to the surfac
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES year, the see
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES ◾◾ Minimu
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES debris are se
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES A B Figure 10
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES production-or
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Restoration s
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES ◾◾ Approp
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Unbalanced or
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES You can get a
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES planters stan
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES uniformity is
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Seed drills c
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Each species
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES would have lo
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES seeds. Poorly
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES ◾◾ Some s
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Consideration
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES (1979) found
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Revegetation
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES ◾◾ Storag
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES During the hy
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES (Pezeshki and
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES inch) of soil
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES determine the
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES A B Figure 10
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES minimize the
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Planting - Pr
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES ◾◾ High s
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES 10.4.5 IRRIGA
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES of water, the
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Placing a pre
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INTRODUCTION MONITORING AND MANAGEM
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MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT Monitorin
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MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT ◾◾ Mo
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MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT Analysis
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INTRODUCTION MONITORING PROCEDURES
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MONITORING PROCEDURES ◾◾ Rectil
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MONITORING PROCEDURES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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MONITORING PROCEDURES Use of a digi
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MONITORING PROCEDURES ◾◾ Rectil
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MONITORING PROCEDURES N w e E 14.6
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MONITORING PROCEDURES Sampling of D
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MONITORING PROCEDURES Using the equ
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MONITORING PROCEDURES 12.9 STATISTI
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MONITORING PROCEDURES Calculating C
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MONITORING PROCEDURES that if more
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MONITORING PROCEDURES bee counts ca
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POLLINATOR-SPECIFIC CASE STUDIES Ch
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POLLINATOR-SPECIFIC CASE STUDIES pr
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander R. 2003a. A
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Bower AD, St. Clair JB
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Claassen VP, Zasoski R
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Dyer K, Curtis L, Will
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Greaves RD, Hermann RK
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (Available at: https:/
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Landis T, Tinus RW, Mc
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Miller RM, May SW. 197
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BIBLIOGRAPHY between biodiversity c
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Soil Survey Staff. 197
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Trent A, Nolte D, Wagn
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Wolf DD, Blaser RE, Mo
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APPENDIX Native Revegetation Plants
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APPENDIX IOWA — NATIVE REVEGETATI
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APPENDIX Iowa — Native Revegetati
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APPENDIX Kansas — Native Revegeta
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APPENDIX Minnesota — Native Reveg
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APPENDIX Missouri — Native Revege
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APPENDIX Oklahoma — Native Revege
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APPENDIX TEXAS — NATIVE REVEGETAT
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APPENDIX Texas — Native Revegetat
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