Roadside Revegetation

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MONITORING PROCEDURES Alternatively, Idaho fescue did show an increase in mean crown cover from 2001 (cell C10) to 2006 (cell C5). This increase was found to be significantly significant because both the upper and lower confidence limits were positive. The team could be 90 percent confident that there was a true increase in crown cover. 12.10 POLLINATOR MONITORING PROCEDURES This standardized monitoring procedure provides instructions for monitoring native bees, honey bees, and monarch butterflies to assess the quality of revegetated roadsides as pollinator habitat. The data collected from these procedures will allow the project designer to determine if the revegetation project successfully addressed pollinator-specific DFCs. The procedure can be used to assess roadside vegetation in three ways: (1) to indicate whether revegetation efforts have increased pollinator diversity and abundance (by including nearby non-revegetated roadsides in samples as reference sites), (2) to determine if pollinator diversity and abundance change over time, and (3) to compare the effects of different management strategies or seed mixes on pollinators. This straightforward pollinator sampling procedure can be conducted with minimal training and time, yet provides a quantitative measure of bee diversity. This procedure only requires that the user be able to differentiate native bees from other insects visiting flowers and recognize honey bees and monarch butterflies during two half-hour visits per location per year. It is important to note that counting individuals of European honey bees alone cannot provide a measure for the value of habitat for native bees or other pollinators because the number of individual honey bees visiting habitat is primarily determined by the number of managed hives in the vicinity. Although the presence of honey bees does indicate that the vegetation supports bees, it does not demonstrate how well the vegetation increases abundance and diversity of other species of bees or pollinators. To evaluate a particular site, two separate visits need to be made per growing season to conduct a timed assessment to observe and count bees on flowers along two transects. Samples should be made in the middle of the growing season. In California, for example, May through July is the ideal sampling window, while in the Upper Midwest or Northeast July through August is preferred. Samples should also be made only when weather conditions are warm, sunny, and calm, with air temperatures over 60° F, wind speeds less than 10 miles per hour, and skies mostly clear. Pollinators are most active between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. Two linear transects of 100 feet each should be established per site, ideally in full sun because bee activity declines in shade. To begin sampling, walk the transect for 7.5 minutes and count bees on flowers within a 3-foot-wide strip of the transect. Walk so that your shadow is behind you rather than in front, and watch all the open flowers within 3 feet to one side of the transect. Record each bee that lands on the reproductive structures of the flower for more than 0.5 second. Use a timer and pause it as needed to record an insect before restarting it when ready to resume observations. Set a careful pace so that the whole 100-foot transect is covered within 7.5 minutes. While moving through the transect, keep a tally of the number of native bees, honey bees, and monarch butterflies observed. The same bee or butterfly should not be counted twice even if it visits multiple flowers because the overall goal is to count the number of individuals using the site rather than the rate of floral visitation. Records of samples should also include the site name, date, name of the sampler, weather conditions, time of visit to the site, and any pertinent notes about the site and the vegetation present, such as which flowers in bloom seem to be attracting the most pollinators. An example of a data sheet is included in the appendix. The number of native bees counted through this survey procedure correlates positively with the overall diversity of native bees at a site; therefore, if a large abundance of individuals is present, that indicates higher diversity. If multiple roadside sites are surveyed, the differences observed in native bee abundance will reflect differences in habitat quality among sites. Native Roadside Revegetation: An Integrated Approach to Establishing Native Plants and Pollinator Habitat 412
MONITORING PROCEDURES bee counts can be used to rank the quality of sites or the quality of seed mixes, or be used over time to assess changes at a site. For guidance on basic bee and pollinator recognition, refer to national and regional pollinator monitoring tools developed by the Xerces Society and partners at http://www.xerces.org/ xerces-bee-monitoring-tools/. This procedure was adapted from a procedure developed by researchers with the University of California, Davis, Rutgers University, Michigan State University, and The Xerces Society. Using three years of field data at multiple locations across the country to compare bee diversity and abundance with various sampling intensities, the researchers found that observing and recording the abundance of native bees on flowers during two site visits provide reliable estimates of both abundance and diversity of bees at a particular site (Ward and others 2014). Roadside Revegetation: An Integrated Approach to Establishing Native Plants and Pollinator Habitat 413
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Roadside Revegetation An Integrated
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Roadside Revegetation: An Integrate
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 3— Initiation P
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.9 Pests 127 5.9
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 10.4 Post Install
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Figure 3-5 | Exam
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Figure 6-10 | Cas
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Figure 10-91 | Se
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Insets Inset 2-1
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PREFACE In 1998, the Western Federa
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INTRODUCTION 1— Introduction 1.1
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INTRODUCTION 15 to 20 percent of th
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INTRODUCTION and others 2016, and c
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INTRODUCTION ◾◾ Integrate goals
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INTRODUCTION 1.5.2 WHAT ARE NATIVE
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INTRODUCTION Figure 1-9 | Roadside
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INTRODUCTION 1.6.1 INITIATION OVERV
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INITIATION PART ONE: COOPERATORS AN
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INITIATION PART TWO: ROAD PLANS AND
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT 4— Pla
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT Once rev
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT Revegeta
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT site on
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT The info
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT Figure 4
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT Figure 4
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT Table 4-
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT Column H
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT species
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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE 5.1
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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE dur
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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE Ins
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క క క క క క PLANNING PH
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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE Fig
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PLANNING PHASE THREE: VEGETATION AN
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PLANNING PHASE FOUR: INTEGRATE AND
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE PREFACE T
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE TABLE OF
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE BACKGROUN
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE BACKGROUN
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE REVEGETAT
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE NON-NATIV
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE SUCCESS C
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE APPROXIMA
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE APPENDIX
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE REFERENCE
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE REFERENCE
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IMPLEMENTATION 9.1 INTRODUCTION A s
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IMPLEMENTATION 9.3 REVIEW TREATMENT
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IMPLEMENTATION 9.4 DEVELOP CONTRACT
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IMPLEMENTATION 9.6 EXAMPLE STATEMEN
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IMPLEMENTATION an active role in pr
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IMPLEMENTATION addressed environmen
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES 10— Impleme
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES 10.1.1 FERTIL
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Areas adjacen
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Table 10.2 |
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES The nutrient
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES nutrient stra
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Fertilizer In
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES amendments, l
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES A general rul
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES 10.1.3 MULCHE
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES permeable or
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES and straw fro
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES mulch. If the
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES To avoid this
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES control, stra
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES (often less t
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES most topsoil
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES 10.1.5 ORGANI
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES rock fragment
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Carbon-to-Nit
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES be broadened
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES compaction an
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Pure Culture
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES ◾◾ Design
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES can be used.
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES harvesting, s
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES In Figure 10-
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES of the seed i
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES is conducted
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Project Name
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES variety of sp
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Inset 10-14 |
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Installation
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Special Treat
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Determine Tra
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES to the surfac
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES year, the see
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES ◾◾ Minimu
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES debris are se
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES A B Figure 10
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES production-or
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Restoration s
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Unbalanced or
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES You can get a
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES planters stan
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES uniformity is
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Seed drills c
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Each species
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES would have lo
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES seeds. Poorly
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES ◾◾ Some s
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Consideration
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES (1979) found
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Revegetation
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES ◾◾ Storag
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES During the hy
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES (Pezeshki and
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES inch) of soil
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES determine the
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Page 435 and 436: POLLINATOR-SPECIFIC CASE STUDIES Ch
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Page 439 and 440: BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander R. 2003a. A
Page 441 and 442: BIBLIOGRAPHY Bower AD, St. Clair JB
Page 443 and 444: BIBLIOGRAPHY Claassen VP, Zasoski R
Page 445 and 446: BIBLIOGRAPHY Dyer K, Curtis L, Will
Page 447 and 448: BIBLIOGRAPHY Greaves RD, Hermann RK
Page 449 and 450: BIBLIOGRAPHY (Available at: https:/
Page 451 and 452: BIBLIOGRAPHY Landis T, Tinus RW, Mc
Page 453 and 454: BIBLIOGRAPHY Miller RM, May SW. 197
Page 455 and 456: BIBLIOGRAPHY between biodiversity c
Page 457 and 458: BIBLIOGRAPHY Soil Survey Staff. 197
Page 459 and 460: BIBLIOGRAPHY Trent A, Nolte D, Wagn
Page 461 and 462: BIBLIOGRAPHY Wolf DD, Blaser RE, Mo
Page 464: APPENDIX Native Revegetation Plants
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APPENDIX Native Revegetation Plants
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APPENDIX Native Revegetation Plants
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APPENDIX IOWA — NATIVE REVEGETATI
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APPENDIX Iowa — Native Revegetati
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APPENDIX Kansas — Native Revegeta
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APPENDIX Minnesota — Native Reveg
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APPENDIX Missouri — Native Revege
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APPENDIX Oklahoma — Native Revege
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APPENDIX TEXAS — NATIVE REVEGETAT
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APPENDIX Texas — Native Revegetat
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Roadside Revegetation

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