Roadside Revegetation

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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES is applying the appropriate mix of fertilizers to meet the annual needs of the vegetation while building long- term nutrient capital until the plant community is self-sustaining. Since nitrogen is the key nutrient in establishing plant communities, this approach requires setting short-term and long-term nitrogen requirements of the plant community being established. Calculating long-term nitrogen targets is covered in Section 10.1.1.2, Develop Nutrient Thresholds and Determine Deficits. Short-term targets are more difficult to set because they change over time. They are governed by: ◾◾ Soil type ◾◾ C:N ◾◾ Climate ◾◾ Amount of vegetative cover ◾◾ Type of vegetation ◾◾ Age of vegetation Some general guides can be helpful in setting short-term nutrient targets for available nitrogen. Applying fertilizer at the time of sowing, for instance, will require very low rates of available nitrogen the first year since vegetation will not be established well enough to utilize it. Rates can be set below 25 lb/ac when applying fertilizer with seeds. When vegetation is becoming established, available N can range from 25 to 50 lb/ac (Munshower 1994: Claassen and Hogan 1998). After plant establishment, rates can be increased to account for increased plant utilization above this amount. These suggested rates should be adjusted upward on sites where high C:N soil amendments, such as shredded wood or straw, have been incorporated into the soil to compensate for nitrogen tie-up. Calculating precise rates of supplemental nitrogen for incorporated organic amendments is very difficult. In nursery settings, rates of over 100 lb of supplemental nitrogen have been recommended for incorporated straw, sawdust, and other high C:N materials (Rose and others 1995). However, applying supplemental rates in wildland settings should be done with caution, utilizing trials where possible to determine more precise fertilizer rates. Utilizing periodic soil analysis can give the revegetation specialist a better understanding of the soil nitrogen status. To keep testing costs low, only available nitrogen and total nitrogen need to be tested (see Section 5.5, Nutrient CyclingNutrient Cycling, for soil sampling and testing methods). In determining how much fertilizer to apply, it is important to estimate how much nitrogen will be available the first year and the second year. Manufacturers have this information for most inorganic slow release fertilizers, and Claassen and Hogan (1998) performed tests on organic slow release fertilizers (shown in Figure 10-2). Release rate determinations are performed in the laboratory. How fertilizers actually release in the field will vary by the environment. In the example described in Figure 10-5, the first year release rate of nitrogen from the slow-release organic fertilizer was estimated at 40 percent. This was a guess based on the manufacturer’s estimates of 55 percent release, but because it was being applied to a semi-arid site where decomposition of the fertilizer would be slow, the rate was dropped to 40 percent (Line D in 10.5). If 40 percent of the nitrogen became available the first year, 60 percent would remain for the following years (Line E). At this release rate, 308 lb/ac of nitrogen would become available the first year after application (Line F). While this is an extremely high rate, consider the application of ammonium nitrate at 100 percent first year release, which would supply 769 lb/ac (Line A) of immediately available nitrogen. Recalculating fertilizer rates using a more realistic rate of 50 lb/ac available nitrogen needed the first year after application (Line F), bulk fertilizer application rates would be 1,563 lb/ac (Line H). At this new rate, the site would have sufficient first- and second-year supplies of nitrogen, but lack adequate nitrogen the following years. The remaining deficit to meet long-term nitrogen targets would be approximately 644 lb/ac, which must be supplied through later applications of fertilizer or other carriers of nitrogen (topsoil, compost, biosolids, wood waste, mulch, and nitrogen-fixing plants). A Roadside Revegetation: An Integrated Approach to Establishing Native Plants and Pollinator Habitat 230
IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES nutrient strategy should be built around reducing nitrogen deficits over time. The process outlined in Figure 10-5 can be used for other deficient nutrients. Understanding the availability of other nutrients is problematic. Many nutrients become fixed in the soils and their availability is dependent on highly variable factors such as soil texture, pH, and placement in the soil. It is a reasonable assumption that unless the soils are sandy or very rocky, that all nutrients, aside from nitrate or ammonium forms of nitrogen, are relatively unavailable the first year after application. With time, however, they will slowly become available. Determine Timing and Frequency The primary reason to fertilize is to supply nutrients during periods when plants can take them up for growth. The demand for nutrients changes throughout the year depending on the physiological state of each plant. In nursery settings, fertilizers are adjusted throughout the year at rates and formulations that correspond to the requirements of the plant. While we do not have that capability in wildland settings, we can use the fertilizers available to us more wisely by applying our understanding of how the assortment of fertilizers function in meeting the nutrient requirements of plant communities. At least two plant growth phases should be considered in the timing of fertilizer application: (1) seed germination and plant establishment and (2) post-plant establishment. Seed Germination and Plant Establishment Phase – Traditionally, fast-release fertilizers have often been applied at high rates in the fall in the northern United States during the seed sowing operation. This practice is a quick and easy way to apply fertilizers. However, the timing can result in ineffective and wasteful use of fertilizers (Figure 10-6B) (Dancer 1975). In addition, application of fast-release fertilizers at this time can potentially pollute water sources. Slow-release fertilizers are more appropriate for seed sowing in the fall because much of the fertilizer should last through the winter, releasing nutrients in the spring (Figure 10-6D). Plant Growth Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Time E Perennial grasses and forbs do not require high levels of nitrogen for germination and early establishment (Reeder and Sabey 1987). In fact, elevated levels of available nitrogen can be a problem because it encourages the rapid establishment and growth of annual weed species over slower-growing perennial grass and forbs (McLendon and Redente 1992; Claassen and Marler 1998). Applying high rates of fertilizers during germination and early seedling establishment should be reconsidered in terms of how much fertilizer is actually needed in Time the establishment phase and how much will be available later for plant growth (see Section 10.1.1.6, Determine Fertilizer Application Rates). N Availability A Sowing Germination A. When seeding occurs in the fall, seeds typically do not C germinate until the following Plant Growth spring, at which time there is rapid growth. Fast-release During the summer, growth rates slow. Growth rates accelerate again in the fall. N Availability N Availability N Availability Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Time Plant Growth A Sowing E Germination Plant Growth Fast-release Slow-release Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Time Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall C. Fast-release fertilizer applied in the spring after plants Time C are established is more effective Plant Growth because Fast-release plants are rapidly growing and can take up nutrients. There are fewer storms in the spring to leach nutrients from the soil. N Availability N Availability N Availability A Plant Growth Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Time Sowing Germination E Plant Growth Fast-release Slow-release Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Time E. Once vegetation has become established, plant growth C will take place in the fall. Fertilizers Plant Growth applied at this Fall time will Winter be taken Spring up by growing Summer Fast-release vegetation. Fall Since slow-release fertilizers Time might not be immediately available, small amounts of fast-release fertilizers can be added to give immediate release of nutrients. N Availability N Availability Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Time Plant Growth Fast-release Slow-release Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall N Availability B Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Time B. When fast-release fertilizers (dashed line) are applied D in the fall during seeding, Plant fertilizers Growth move into the soil with fall rains. However, Slow-release there is no vegetation to take up the nutrients. Mobile nutrients, such as nitrogen, are leached and unavailable in the spring when the establishing plants require them. N Availability N Availability N Availability B F Plant Growth Fast-release Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Time Plant Growth Fast-release Plant Growth Fast-release Slow-release Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Time Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall D. Slow-release fertilizers (dotted line) release nutrients Time D at a much slower rate. Plant When Growth they are Slow-release N Availability N Availability N Availability B Plant Growth Fall Winter Spring Summer Fast-release Fall Time F Plant Growth Fast-release Slow-release Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Time F. Slow- and fast-release fertilizers can be applied in the Dearly spring before rapid root and Plant vegetative Growth growth. Fall Fast-release Winter Spring fertilizers Summer can Slow-release supplement Fall slow-release fertilizers Time by supplying immediately available nutrients. N Availability N Availability applied in the fall, most of the nutrients should still be available in the following spring. Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Time Figure 10-6 | Strategies for applying F slow and fast release Plant fertilizers Growth Fast-release Fertilizers should be Slow-release applied during seasons and at rates and formulations that release nutrients when native plants can efficiently draw them from the soil. Fall The following Winter Spring are strategies Summer for Fall applying slow and fast Time release fertilizers. Roadside Revegetation: An Integrated Approach to Establishing Native Plants and Pollinator Habitat 231
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Roadside Revegetation An Integrated
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Roadside Revegetation: An Integrate
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 3— Initiation P
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.9 Pests 127 5.9
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 10.4 Post Install
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Figure 3-5 | Exam
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Figure 6-10 | Cas
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Figure 10-91 | Se
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Insets Inset 2-1
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PREFACE In 1998, the Western Federa
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INTRODUCTION 1— Introduction 1.1
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INTRODUCTION 15 to 20 percent of th
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INTRODUCTION and others 2016, and c
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INTRODUCTION ◾◾ Integrate goals
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INTRODUCTION 1.5.2 WHAT ARE NATIVE
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INTRODUCTION Figure 1-9 | Roadside
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INTRODUCTION 1.6.1 INITIATION OVERV
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INITIATION PART ONE: COOPERATORS AN
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INITIATION PART TWO: ROAD PLANS AND
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT 4— Pla
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT Once rev
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT Revegeta
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT site on
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT The info
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT Figure 4
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT Figure 4
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT Disturbe
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT Table 4-
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT Column H
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PLANNING PHASE ONE: ORIENT species
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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE 5.1
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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE dur
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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE Mit
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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE Min
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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE bac
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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE Org
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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE Ins
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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE soi
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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE ang
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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE Slo
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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE Wat
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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE the
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క క క క క క PLANNING PH
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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE cle
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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE bum
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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE nit
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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE Pla
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PLANNING PHASE TWO: ASSESS SITE Fig
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PLANNING PHASE THREE: VEGETATION AN
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PLANNING PHASE FOUR: INTEGRATE AND
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE PREFACE T
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE TABLE OF
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE BACKGROUN
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE BACKGROUN
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REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE REVEGETAT
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Page 199 and 200: REVEGETATION PLAN EXAMPLE REVEGETAT
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Page 229 and 230: IMPLEMENTATION 9.1 INTRODUCTION A s
Page 231 and 232: IMPLEMENTATION 9.3 REVIEW TREATMENT
Page 233 and 234: IMPLEMENTATION 9.4 DEVELOP CONTRACT
Page 235 and 236: IMPLEMENTATION 9.6 EXAMPLE STATEMEN
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Page 249: IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES The nutrient
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES In Figure 10-
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES of the seed i
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES is conducted
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Project Name
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES variety of sp
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Inset 10-14 |
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Table 10.13 |
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Installation
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Special Treat
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Determine Tra
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES to the surfac
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES year, the see
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES ◾◾ Minimu
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES debris are se
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES A B Figure 10
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES production-or
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Restoration s
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES ◾◾ Approp
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Unbalanced or
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES You can get a
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES planters stan
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES uniformity is
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Seed drills c
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Each species
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES would have lo
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES seeds. Poorly
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES ◾◾ Some s
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Consideration
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES (1979) found
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Revegetation
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES ◾◾ Storag
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES During the hy
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES (Pezeshki and
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES inch) of soil
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES determine the
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES A B Figure 10
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES minimize the
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Planting - Pr
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES 10.4.5 IRRIGA
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES of water, the
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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDES Placing a pre
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INTRODUCTION MONITORING AND MANAGEM
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MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT Monitorin
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MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT ◾◾ Mo
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MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT Analysis
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INTRODUCTION MONITORING PROCEDURES
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MONITORING PROCEDURES ◾◾ Rectil
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MONITORING PROCEDURES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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MONITORING PROCEDURES Use of a digi
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MONITORING PROCEDURES ◾◾ Rectil
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MONITORING PROCEDURES N w e E 14.6
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MONITORING PROCEDURES Sampling of D
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MONITORING PROCEDURES Using the equ
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MONITORING PROCEDURES 12.9 STATISTI
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MONITORING PROCEDURES Calculating C
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MONITORING PROCEDURES that if more
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MONITORING PROCEDURES bee counts ca
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POLLINATOR-SPECIFIC CASE STUDIES Ch
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POLLINATOR-SPECIFIC CASE STUDIES pr
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander R. 2003a. A
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Bower AD, St. Clair JB
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Claassen VP, Zasoski R
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Dyer K, Curtis L, Will
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Greaves RD, Hermann RK
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (Available at: https:/
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Landis T, Tinus RW, Mc
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Miller RM, May SW. 197
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BIBLIOGRAPHY between biodiversity c
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Soil Survey Staff. 197
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Trent A, Nolte D, Wagn
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Wolf DD, Blaser RE, Mo
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APPENDIX Native Revegetation Plants
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APPENDIX IOWA — NATIVE REVEGETATI
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APPENDIX Iowa — Native Revegetati
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APPENDIX Kansas — Native Revegeta
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APPENDIX Minnesota — Native Reveg
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APPENDIX Missouri — Native Revege
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APPENDIX Oklahoma — Native Revege
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APPENDIX TEXAS — NATIVE REVEGETAT
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APPENDIX Texas — Native Revegetat
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